{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T12:45:16Z","timestamp":1772109916820,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the elderly is a noteworthy pathology due to the exponential increase in population age, and the effects of antiplatelet and anticoagulation on patients\u2019 outcomes are still a matter of dispute. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of various antithrombotic agents on patients with mild TBI, focusing on the risk of intracranial bleeding (ICH) and length of hospitalization (LOS). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted, including patients with a diagnosis of TBI admitted to the Emergency Department between 2021 and 2022. Patients were classified according to the concurrent antithrombotic therapy as aspirin (ASA), antiplatelets, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). The primary outcome was the ICH occurrence, while the secondary outcome was the LOS. The statistical analysis was performed via logistic regression models in R and STATA 13.1 software. Fisher\u2019s exact test was used for the statistical significance. Results: 267 patients with mild TBI were included; 148 were not on antithrombotic agents, 43 were on aspirin, 33 on DOACs, 5 on LMWH, 22 on antiplatelets, and 16 on VKA. Out of the total, 9 patients experienced ICH, none of which were on DOACs, LMWH, or VKA, but 4\u2014out of 65\u2014were on antiplatelets, and 5\u2014out of 148\u2014were not on antithrombotic therapies. Patients not on antithrombotic therapy had the shortest LOS at 0.46 days, while those on VKA had the longest LOS at 1.19 days; similar trends were observed for patients on DOAC and LMWH. Conclusions: The results reveal that TBI patients on anticoagulants\/antiplatelets had longer hospital stays compared with those on aspirin alone. Notably, VKA was the strongest predictor for an extended LOS. Regarding ICH, patients taking only aspirin were twice as likely to experience bleeding compared with those on anticoagulants\/antiplatelets. However, to achieve statistically significant evidence, further research with a larger cohort of patients is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14030308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T05:20:32Z","timestamp":1709011232000},"page":"308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Antithrombotic Therapy Outcomes in Mild Traumatic Brain-Injury Patients: A Focus on Bleeding Risk and Hospital-Stay Duration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4674-4905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Desai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Shiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8175-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1319-9170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Giotta Lucifero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Generali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Reggiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Calatroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8679-5435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Savioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1381-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabino","family":"Luzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7309-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Voza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e13587","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury in the Elderly: Clinical Features, Prognostic Factors, and Outcomes of 133 Consecutive Surgical Patients","volume":"13","author":"Cardoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650695","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.650695","article-title":"Impact of Preinjury Antithrombotic Therapy on 30-Day Mortality in Older Patients Hospitalized with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)","volume":"12","author":"Helseth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57040357"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/3\/308\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:05:33Z","timestamp":1760105133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/3\/308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["life14030308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14030308","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]}}}