{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:48:03Z","timestamp":1790887683830,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":213,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the common immune hypersensitivity disorders that affect the ocular system. The clinical manifestations of this condition exhibit variability contingent upon environmental factors, seasonal dynamics, and genetic predisposition. While our comprehension of the pathophysiological engagement of immune and nonimmune cells in the conjunctiva has progressed, the same cannot be asserted for the cytokines mediating this inflammatory cascade. In this review, we proffer a comprehensive description of interleukins 4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, IL-25, IL-31, and IL-33, as well as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), elucidating their pathophysiological roles in mediating the allergic immune responses on the ocular surface. Delving into the nuanced functions of these cytokines holds promise for the exploration of innovative therapeutic modalities aimed at managing allergic conjunctivitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14030350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T08:59:37Z","timestamp":1709801977000},"page":"350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cytokines in Allergic Conjunctivitis: Unraveling Their Pathophysiological Roles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4321-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"DeGaulle I.","family":"Chigbu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Karbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sampson L.","family":"Abu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navpreet K.","family":"Hehar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e328364ec3a","article-title":"Allergic conjunctivitis: An update on diagnosis and management","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"485","article-title":"Ocular allergy: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Butrus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-39-18","article-title":"Allergic conjunctivitis: A comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"Lionetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2010.09.002","article-title":"Ocular surface disease: A case of vernal keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"34","author":"Chigbu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cont. Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.07.019","article-title":"Allergy and allergic mediators in tears","volume":"117","author":"Leonardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-4551-7-12","article-title":"Allergic diseases and asthma: A global public health concern and a call to action","volume":"7","author":"Pawankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2020.06.004","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"69","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70140-4","article-title":"Ocular allergic disease: Mechanisms, disease sub-types, treatment","volume":"1","author":"Abelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622315612745","article-title":"Ocular itch associated with allergic conjunctivitis: Latest evidence and clinical management","volume":"7","author":"Ackerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13788","article-title":"Innate immunity in allergy","volume":"74","author":"Maeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsoulis-Dimitriou, K., Kotrba, J., Voss, M., Dudeck, J., and Dudeck, A. (2020). Mast Cell Functions Linking Innate Sensing to Adaptive Immunity. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202011.0016.v1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-002-0001-6","article-title":"Dendritic cells--the link between innate and adaptive immunity in allergy","volume":"2","author":"Jakob","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2017.10.019","article-title":"Unlike Th1\/Th17 cells, Th2\/Th9 cells selectively migrate to the limbus\/conjunctiva and initiate an eosinophilic infiltration process","volume":"166","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206777698936","article-title":"Cytokines as a therapeutic target for allergic diseases: A complex picture","volume":"12","author":"Woodfolk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2848","article-title":"Cellular sources and immune functions of interleukin-9","volume":"10","author":"Noelle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-09-2817","article-title":"Mast cells produce interleukin-25 upon Fc epsilon RI-mediated activation","volume":"101","author":"Ikeda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2008.08.003","article-title":"Structures and biological functions of IL-31 and IL-31 receptors","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1159\/000097357","article-title":"Role of cytokines in allergic airway inflammation","volume":"142","author":"Nakajima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e110-9","article-title":"The anatomical and functional relationship between allergic conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis","volume":"4","author":"Hom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol. (Provid.)"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00551-6","article-title":"Mucosal immunology of the ocular surface","volume":"15","author":"Leger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230600865531","article-title":"Normal structure, function, and histology of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","volume":"34","author":"Cesta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14029","article-title":"Type 2 immunity-driven diseases: Towards a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"51","author":"Hassoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_646_17","article-title":"Anatomy of cornea and ocular surface","volume":"66","author":"Sridhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Shumway, C.L., Motlagh, M., and Wade, M. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2015.12.009","article-title":"Human conjunctival goblet cells express the membrane associated mucin MUC16: Localization to mucin granules","volume":"145","author":"Gipson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000158","article-title":"Conjunctival Goblet Cell Function: Effect of Contact Lens Wear and Cytokines","volume":"42","author":"Dartt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"66","article-title":"Ocular lymphatics: State-of-the-art review","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0039-y","article-title":"Goblet cells: Multifaceted players in immunity at mucosal surfaces","volume":"11","author":"Knoop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2021.05.003","article-title":"Ocular redness\u2014I: Etiology, pathogenesis, and assessment of conjunctival hyperemia","volume":"21","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003094","article-title":"The Lymphatic Anatomy of the Lower Eyelid and Conjunctiva and Correlation with Postoperative Chemosis and Edema","volume":"139","author":"Shoukath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e135121","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.135121","article-title":"Organogenesis and distribution of the ocular lymphatic vessels in the anterior eye","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911022","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.911022","article-title":"Conjunctival Intraepithelial Lymphocytes, Lacrimal Cytokines and Ocular Commensal Microbiota: Analysis of the Three Main Players in Allergic Conjunctivitis","volume":"13","author":"Zarzuela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1996.0280","article-title":"Characterisation of the normal conjunctival leukocyte population","volume":"64","author":"Hingorani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Epithelial component and intraepithelial lymphocytes of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue in healthy children","volume":"36","author":"Reinoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2009.02065.x","article-title":"In vivo confocal microscopy of the bulbar conjunctiva","volume":"37","author":"Efron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1076\/0271-3683(200007)2111-ZFT550","article-title":"Conjunctival inflammation induces Langerhans cell migration into the cornea","volume":"21","author":"Suzuki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"639","article-title":"Novel characterization of MHC class II-negative population of resident corneal Langerhans cell-type dendritic cells","volume":"43","author":"Hamrah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_364_16","article-title":"Update on conjunctival pathology","volume":"65","author":"Mudhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1270","article-title":"Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue in the human eye","volume":"41","author":"Knop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09886-3","article-title":"Tissue resident memory T cells inhabit the deep human conjunctiva","volume":"12","author":"Arnous","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12972","article-title":"Fibroblasts as confederates of the immune system","volume":"302","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15174","article-title":"Epithelial barrier dysfunction in ocular allergy","volume":"77","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.07.007","article-title":"Cytokine responses by conjunctival epithelial cells: An in vitro model of ocular inflammation","volume":"44","author":"Calder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1097\/01.all.0000182545.75842.77","article-title":"The role of the conjunctival epithelium in ocular allergy","volume":"5","author":"Calonge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181ea9b2b","article-title":"Ocular allergic inflammation: Interaction between the cornea and conjunctiva","volume":"29","author":"Fukuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000098","article-title":"Conjunctival epithelial and goblet cell function in chronic inflammation and ocular allergic inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Dartt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1016","article-title":"Protection of human conjunctival fibroblasts from NO-induced apoptosis by interleukin-4 or interleukin-13","volume":"46","author":"Fujitsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chigbu, D.I., and Labib, B.A. (2021). Immunopharmacology in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: Current and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14070658"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, P., and Ndhlovu, L.C. (2020). Advanced Concepts in Human Immunology: Prospects for Disease Control, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33946-3"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61656-0","article-title":"Ocular allergy: Implications for the clinical immunologist","volume":"90","author":"Katelaris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.09.84","article-title":"A complex role for complement in allergic asthma","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-005-0007-y","article-title":"New insights into the role of the complement pathway in allergy and asthma","volume":"5","author":"Koehl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70233-1","article-title":"Generation of anaphylatoxins through proteolytic processing of C3 and C5 by house dust mite protease","volume":"100","author":"Maruo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623311430694","article-title":"Cytokine pathways in allergic disease","volume":"40","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01175.x","article-title":"Pollen proteolytic enzymes degrade tight junctions","volume":"12","author":"Runswick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02598.x","article-title":"Pollen proteases compromise the airway epithelial barrier through degradation of transmembrane adhesion proteins and lung bioactive peptides","volume":"66","author":"Vinhas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000136","article-title":"Innate responses to pollen allergens","volume":"15","author":"Hosoki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4489","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201212","article-title":"IL-33-mediated innate response and adaptive immune cells contribute to maximum responses of protease allergen-induced allergic airway inflammation","volume":"190","author":"Kamijo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00820.x","article-title":"Quantitative structural and biochemical analyses of tight junction dynamics following exposure of epithelial cells to house dust mite allergen Der p 1","volume":"30","author":"Wan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.00970.x","article-title":"The transmembrane protein occludin of epithelial tight junctions is a functional target for serine peptidases from faecal pellets of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus","volume":"31","author":"Wan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.1999.770516.x","article-title":"Vernal keratoconjunctivitis in a Stockholm ophthalmic centre--epidemiological, functional, and immunologic investigations","volume":"77","author":"Montan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-015-0093-x","article-title":"Cytokine profiles in nasal fluid of patients with seasonal or persistent allergic rhinitis","volume":"11","author":"Konig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5844","article-title":"Der p 1 facilitates transepithelial allergen delivery by disruption of tight junctions","volume":"104","author":"Wan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labib, B.A., and Chigbu, D.I. (2022). Therapeutic Targets in Allergic Conjunctivitis. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15050547"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202246","article-title":"IL-4 in the brain: A cytokine to remember","volume":"189","author":"Gadani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0412214","article-title":"Regulation of inflammation by interleukin-4: A review of \u201calternatives\u201d","volume":"92","author":"Luzina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(02)00318-X","article-title":"Structure, binding, and antagonists in the IL-4\/IL-13 receptor system","volume":"1592","author":"Mueller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-011-8205-2","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation by STAT6","volume":"50","author":"Goenka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.05.007","article-title":"Alternative activation of macrophages: Mechanism and functions","volume":"32","author":"Gordon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-011-0030-6","article-title":"Expression of interleukin-4 receptor alpha in human corneal epithelial cells","volume":"55","author":"Ueta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.173419","article-title":"Expression of the interleukin-4 receptor alpha in human conjunctival epithelial cells","volume":"94","author":"Ueta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01514","article-title":"Interleukin-5 in the Pathophysiology of Severe Asthma","volume":"10","author":"Pelaia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2008.07.003","article-title":"The pathophysiology of ocular allergy: A review","volume":"32","author":"Chigbu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cont. Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"429","article-title":"Essential Mechanisms of Differential Activation of Eosinophils by IL-3 Compared to GM-CSF and IL-5","volume":"36","author":"Esnault","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:28:3:257","article-title":"Pathological role of IL-6 in the experimental allergic bronchial asthma in mice","volume":"28","author":"Doganci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Didion, S.P. (2017). Cellular and Oxidative Mechanisms Associated with Interleukin-6 Signaling in the Vasculature. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122563"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00554-y","article-title":"Transcription tipping points for T follicular helper cell and T-helper 1 cell fate commitment","volume":"18","author":"Sheikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.05.026","article-title":"Epithelial IL-6 trans-signaling defines a new asthma phenotype with increased airway inflammation","volume":"143","author":"Jevnikar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.026","article-title":"Targeting Interleukin-6 Signaling in Clinic","volume":"50","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00604","article-title":"Hall of Fame among Pro-inflammatory Cytokines: Interleukin-6 Gene and Its Transcriptional Regulation Mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.11.5556","article-title":"In activated mast cells, IL-1 up-regulates the production of several Th2-related cytokines including IL-9","volume":"164","author":"Hultner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00570","article-title":"Eosinophil cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors: Emerging roles in immunity","volume":"5","author":"Davoine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300094","article-title":"The World according to IL-9","volume":"211","author":"Pajulas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2023.05.002","article-title":"Interleukin-9 promotes mast cell progenitor proliferation and CCR2-dependent mast cell migration in allergic airway inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Pajulas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003049","article-title":"A brief history of IL-9","volume":"186","author":"Goswami","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190418","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190418","article-title":"Biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin-10","volume":"217","author":"Saraiva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"157","article-title":"The regulation of IL-10 expression","volume":"380","author":"Howes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wong, K., Ouyang, W., and Rutz, S. (2019). Targeting IL-10 Family Cytokines for the Treatment of Human Diseases. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028548"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00455","article-title":"Induction of Interleukin-10 Producing Dendritic Cells As a Tool to Suppress Allergen-Specific T Helper 2 Responses","volume":"9","author":"Schulke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800267-4.00005-5","article-title":"Interleukin 10 receptor signaling: Master regulator of intestinal mucosal homeostasis in mice and humans","volume":"122","author":"Shouval","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"e25301","article-title":"STAT6 and lung inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Walford","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAKSTAT"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roeb, E. (2023). Interleukin-13 (IL-13)-A Pleiotropic Cytokine Involved in Wound Healing and Fibrosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612884"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070406","article-title":"IL-25 augments type 2 immune responses by enhancing the expansion and functions of TSLP-DC-activated Th2 memory cells","volume":"204","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061675","article-title":"Interleukin 25 promotes the initiation of proallergic type 2 responses","volume":"204","author":"Angkasekwinai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31834","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.025940","article-title":"Interleukin-25 expressed by brain capillary endothelial cells maintains blood-brain barrier function in a protein kinase Cepsilon-dependent manner","volume":"284","author":"Sonobe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0034OC","article-title":"Interleukin-25-induced chemokines and interleukin-6 release from eosinophils is mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor-kappaB","volume":"33","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.02.012","article-title":"Functional specialization of interleukin-17 family members","volume":"34","author":"Iwakura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639097","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.639097","article-title":"Interleukin-31 Signaling Bridges the Gap Between Immune Cells, the Nervous System and Epithelial Tissues","volume":"8","author":"Nemmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solimando, A.G., Desantis, V., and Ribatti, D. (2022). Mast Cells and Interleukins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214004"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638325","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.638325","article-title":"Interleukin-31 as a Clinical Target for Pruritus Treatment","volume":"8","author":"Kabashima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113433","article-title":"Sensory neuronal STAT3 is critical for IL-31 receptor expression and inflammatory itch","volume":"42","author":"Takahashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.09.015","article-title":"IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines","volume":"23","author":"Schmitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00475","article-title":"The ST2\/IL-33 Axis in Immune Cells during Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Griesenauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101320-124243","article-title":"Emerging Functions of IL-33 in Homeostasis and Immunity","volume":"40","author":"Dwyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14918","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308651110","article-title":"Structural insights into the interaction of IL-33 with its receptors","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellin.2022.100042","article-title":"Signaling and functions of interleukin-33 in immune regulation and diseases","volume":"1","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Insight"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)81333-U","article-title":"Presence of a novel primary response gene ST2L, encoding a product highly similar to the interleukin 1 receptor type 1","volume":"318","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12552","article-title":"IL-33: Biological properties, functions, and roles in airway disease","volume":"278","author":"Drake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1852","article-title":"Sensing the outside world: TSLP regulates barrier immunity","volume":"11","author":"Ziegler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/76923","article-title":"Cloning of a receptor subunit required for signaling by thymic stromal lymphopoietin","volume":"1","author":"Pandey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.5.659","article-title":"Cloning of the murine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) receptor: Formation of a functional heteromeric complex requires interleukin 7 receptor","volume":"192","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.1.336","article-title":"Human thymic stromal lymphopoietin preferentially stimulates myeloid cells","volume":"167","author":"Reche","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00735-y","article-title":"Role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergy and beyond","volume":"23","author":"Leonard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.701","article-title":"The IL-4 receptor: Signaling mechanisms and biologic functions","volume":"17","author":"Nelms","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01354","article-title":"Interleukin-4 Receptor Alpha: From Innate to Adaptive Immunity in Murine Models of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Hurdayal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L681","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00422.2009","article-title":"Expression of IL-4\/IL-13 receptors in differentiating human airway epithelial cells","volume":"299","author":"White","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80439-2","article-title":"Stat6 is required for mediating responses to IL-4 and for development of Th2 cells","volume":"4","author":"Kaplan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K., and Walter, P. (2015). Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Sciences."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, K.P., and Weaver, C. (2017). Janeway\u2019s Immunobiology, Garland Science. [9th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-56004-4"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.08.006","article-title":"Sensory Neurons Co-opt Classical Immune Signaling Pathways to Mediate Chronic Itch","volume":"171","author":"Oetjen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"183","article-title":"Characterization of the interleukin-4 receptor complex in human corneal fibroblasts","volume":"43","author":"Fukuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.10.1565","article-title":"Simultaneous disruption of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 defines individual roles in T helper cell type 2-mediated responses","volume":"189","author":"McKenzie","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.2.1063","article-title":"Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils acquire constitutive IL-4 and IL-13 transcripts during lineage differentiation that are sufficient for rapid cytokine production","volume":"174","author":"Gessner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0562-4","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of mast cell and basophil lineage commitment","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.06.012","article-title":"Critical role of IgE-dependent mast cell activation in a murine model of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"124","author":"Fukuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/8.12.1915","article-title":"Biological activity of IL-4 and IL-13 on human endothelial cells: Functional evidence that both cytokines act through the same receptor","volume":"8","author":"Kotowicz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skaria, T., Burgener, J., Bachli, E., and Schoedon, G. (2016). IL-4 Causes Hyperpermeability of Vascular Endothelial Cells through Wnt5A Signaling. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156002"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(02)00248-8","article-title":"IL-4-induced cell proliferation and production of extracellular matrix proteins in human conjunctival fibroblasts","volume":"76","author":"Fujitsu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Conjunctival fibroblasts enhance the survival and functional activity of peripheral blood eosinophils in vitro","volume":"41","author":"Solomon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C623","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1998.275.3.C623","article-title":"The mechanism of IL-5 signal transduction","volume":"275","author":"Adachi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.09.002","article-title":"IL-6: A cytokine at the crossroads of autoimmunity","volume":"55","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sismanopoulos, N., Delivanis, D.A., Alysandratos, K.D., Angelidou, A., Vasiadi, M., Therianou, A., and Theoharides, T.C. (2012). IL-9 induces VEGF secretion from human mast cells and IL-9\/IL-9 receptor genes are overexpressed in atopic dermatitis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033271"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.6.2163","article-title":"Interleukin-9 enhances interleukin-5 receptor expression, differentiation, and survival of human eosinophils","volume":"96","author":"Gounni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3109\/08830189809043001","article-title":"Interleukin 9 and its receptor: An overview of structure and function","volume":"16","author":"Demoulin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.7.1307","article-title":"Expression of interleukin 9 in the lungs of transgenic mice causes airway inflammation, mast cell hyperplasia, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness","volume":"188","author":"Temann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0288-4","article-title":"IL-33\/ST2\/IL-9\/IL-9R signaling disrupts ocular surface barrier in allergic inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2010.82","article-title":"Homeostatic control of conjunctival mucosal goblet cells by NKT-derived IL-13","volume":"4","author":"Raince","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4186","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15496","article-title":"IL-13 Stimulates Proliferation and Expression of Mucin and Immunomodulatory Genes in Cultured Conjunctival Goblet Cells","volume":"56","author":"Coursey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.33590\/emj\/10312711","article-title":"Immunopathology of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"3","author":"Chigbu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, Q., Peng, N., Xiao, F., Shi, X., Zhu, B., Rui, K., Tian, J., and Lu, L. (2023). New insights into the function of Interleukin-25 in disease pathogenesis. Biomark. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-023-00474-9"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014241108","article-title":"T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) memory T cell-potentiating cytokine IL-25 has the potential to promote angiogenesis in asthma","volume":"108","author":"Corrigan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000355331","article-title":"IL-25 and IL-25 receptor expression on eosinophils from subjects with allergic asthma","volume":"163","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.04.005","article-title":"A novel IL-1 family cytokine, IL-33, potently activates human eosinophils","volume":"121","author":"Cherry","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4183","article-title":"Functional role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in chronic allergic keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"51","author":"Matsuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4122","article-title":"TSLP and downstream molecules in experimental mouse allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"51","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20062211","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is released by human epithelial cells in response to microbes, trauma, or inflammation and potently activates mast cells","volume":"204","author":"Allakhverdi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7134","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902515","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor-mediated IL-6 and CC\/CXC chemokines expression in human airway smooth muscle cells: Role of MAPKs (ERK1\/2, p38, and JNK) and STAT3 pathways","volume":"184","author":"Shan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.12.001","article-title":"A new itch to scratch for TSLP","volume":"35","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1390","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1390","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of itch and pain in atopic dermatitis and implications for novel therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Kwatra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.87.463","article-title":"Interleukin-5 and IL-5 receptor in health and diseases","volume":"87","author":"Takatsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e328357a21b","article-title":"Molecular immunology of allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"12","author":"Irkec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.2.703","article-title":"Interleukin 5 synthesis by eosinophils: Association with granules and immunoglobulin-dependent secretion","volume":"179","author":"Dubucquoi","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4024","article-title":"From bench to bedside: Therapeutic potential of interleukin-9 in the treatment of asthma","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.01.021","article-title":"TH9 cells are required for tissue mast cell accumulation during allergic inflammation","volume":"136","author":"Sehra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.01.024","article-title":"Structural basis of signaling blockade by anti-IL-13 antibody Lebrikizumab","volume":"425","author":"Ultsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01037","article-title":"IL-4 and IL-13 Receptor Signaling From 4PS to Insulin Receptor Substrate 2: There and Back Again, a Historical View","volume":"9","author":"Keegan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"cm8","article-title":"Interleukin-13 (IL-13) pathway","volume":"2005","author":"Hanson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. STKE"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.1333","article-title":"IL-13 receptors and signaling pathways: An evolving web","volume":"111","author":"Hershey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.05.019","article-title":"Mast cell production and response to IL-4 and IL-13","volume":"75","author":"McLeod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00709.x","article-title":"Regulation and pro-inflammatory function of interleukin-17 family cytokines","volume":"226","author":"Dong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6519465","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6519465","article-title":"Biological Properties and the Role of IL-25 in Disease Pathogenesis","volume":"2018","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691559","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.691559","article-title":"Roles of IL-25 in Type 2 Inflammation and Autoimmune Pathogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2022.124416","article-title":"Interleukin 25 and its biological features and function in intestinal diseases","volume":"47","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7506","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611589104","article-title":"Distinct functional motifs within the IL-17 receptor regulate signal transduction and target gene expression","volume":"104","author":"Maitra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.2.1013","article-title":"Involvement of TNF receptor-associated factor 6 in IL-25 receptor signaling","volume":"176","author":"Maezawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402647","article-title":"TRAF4-SMURF2-mediated DAZAP2 degradation is critical for IL-25 signaling and allergic airway inflammation","volume":"194","author":"Zepp","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.12.628","article-title":"IL-25 (IL-17E) in epithelial immunology and pathophysiology","volume":"148","author":"Borowczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4528","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402760","article-title":"A novel IL-25 signaling pathway through STAT5","volume":"194","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5194","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16563","article-title":"Roles of Epithelial Cell-Derived Type 2-Initiating Cytokines in Experimental Allergic Conjunctivitis","volume":"56","author":"Asada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgia, F., Custurone, P., Li Pomi, F., Cordiano, R., Alessandrello, C., and Gangemi, S. (2022). IL-31: State of the Art for an Inflammation-Oriented Interleukin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126507"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.06.023","article-title":"The Cytokine TGF-beta Induces Interleukin-31 Expression from Dermal Dendritic Cells to Activate Sensory Neurons and Stimulate Wound Itching","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13946","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13946","article-title":"The transcription factor EPAS1 links DOCK8 deficiency to atopic skin inflammation via IL-31 induction","volume":"8","author":"Yamamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.227","article-title":"IL-31 is produced by the malignant T-cell population in cutaneous T-Cell lymphoma and correlates with CTCL pruritus","volume":"133","author":"Singer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.10.033","article-title":"IL-31: A new link between T cells and pruritus in atopic skin inflammation","volume":"117","author":"Sonkoly","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0083-x","article-title":"Anatomical and functional dichotomy of ocular itch and pain","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.09.016","article-title":"Interleukin-33-activated neuropeptide CGRP-producing memory Th2 cells cooperate with somatosensory neurons to induce conjunctival itch","volume":"55","author":"Okano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.048","article-title":"A sensory neuron-expressed IL-31 receptor mediates T helper cell-dependent itch: Involvement of TRPV1 and TRPA1","volume":"133","author":"Cevikbas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606854104","article-title":"IL-33, the IL-1-like cytokine ligand for ST2 receptor, is a chromatin-associated nuclear factor in vivo","volume":"104","author":"Carriere","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10053","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10227-y","article-title":"Expression of IL-33 in ocular surface epithelium induces atopic keratoconjunctivitis with activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells in mice","volume":"7","author":"Imai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2660","article-title":"The IL-33\/ST2 pathway: Therapeutic target and novel biomarker","volume":"7","author":"Kakkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2008.05.013","article-title":"TRAF6 is a critical signal transducer in IL-33 signaling pathway","volume":"20","author":"Tago","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2022.22.e11","article-title":"Targeting the Epithelium-Derived Innate Cytokines: From Bench to Bedside","volume":"22","author":"Ham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700663","article-title":"IL-33 can promote survival, adhesion and cytokine production in human mast cells","volume":"87","author":"Iikura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.4.2051","article-title":"Cutting edge: The ST2 ligand IL-33 potently activates and drives maturation of human mast cells","volume":"179","author":"Allakhverdi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxq035","article-title":"Contribution of IL-33 to induction and augmentation of experimental allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"22","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14937","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14937","article-title":"Structure and antagonism of the receptor complex mediated by human TSLP in allergy and asthma","volume":"8","author":"Verstraete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bau007","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/bau007","article-title":"TSLP signaling pathway map: A platform for analysis of TSLP-mediated signaling","volume":"2014","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Database"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402175","article-title":"Cloning of human thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and signaling mechanisms leading to proliferation","volume":"15","author":"Quentmeier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051745","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: Master switch for allergic inflammation","volume":"203","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19455","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008271107","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-mediated STAT5 phosphorylation via kinases JAK1 and JAK2 reveals a key difference from IL-7-induced signaling","volume":"107","author":"Rochman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0701-9","article-title":"JAK-STAT Signaling as a Target for Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases: Current and Future Prospects","volume":"77","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5072781","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5072781","article-title":"Expression of TSLP and Downstream Molecules IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 on the Eye Surface of Patients with Various Types of Allergic Conjunctivitis","volume":"2016","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03241.x","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, OX40-ligand, and interleukin-25 in allergic responses","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32830edbcb","article-title":"Immune regulatory mechanisms in allergic conjunctivitis: Insights from mouse models","volume":"8","author":"Niederkorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/01.all.0000182547.60595.64","article-title":"The Th1\/Th2 paradigm in ocular allergy","volume":"5","author":"Stern","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0168OC","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces chemotactic and prosurvival effects in eosinophils: Implications in allergic inflammation","volume":"43","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3519","article-title":"The molecular details of cytokine signaling via the JAK\/STAT pathway","volume":"27","author":"Morris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106737","article-title":"Tofacitinib suppresses mast cell degranulation and attenuates experimental allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2019380","article-title":"Abrocitinib versus Placebo or Dupilumab for Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"384","author":"Bieber","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00738-4","article-title":"Early Itch Response with Abrocitinib Is Associated with Later Efficacy Outcomes in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: Subgroup Analysis of the Randomized Phase III JADE COMPARE Trial","volume":"24","author":"Stander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00888","article-title":"Tuning the Cytokine Responses: An Update on Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 Receptor Complexes","volume":"9","author":"Junttila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.08.022","article-title":"Dupilumab progressively improves systemic and cutaneous abnormalities in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"143","author":"Bissonnette","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2022.09.005","article-title":"Biologics for allergy: Therapeutic potential for ocular allergic diseases and adverse effects on the eye","volume":"72","author":"Fukuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2012.642359","article-title":"Benralizumab\u2014A humanized mAb to IL-5Ralpha with enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity\u2014A novel approach for the treatment of asthma","volume":"12","author":"Ghazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00856-y","article-title":"Targeting IL-6 trans-signalling: Past, present and future prospects","volume":"23","author":"Jenkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00791-1","article-title":"The JAK\/STAT signaling pathway: From bench to clinic","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14220","article-title":"Local and systemic effects of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in inflammation and cancer","volume":"596","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.4989","article-title":"IL-6 trans-signaling via the soluble IL-6 receptor: Importance for the pro-inflammatory activities of IL-6","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.07.051","article-title":"Blocking IL-25 prevents airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic asthma","volume":"120","author":"Ballantyne","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18377","article-title":"Nemolizumab efficacy in prurigo nodularis: Onset of action on itch and sleep disturbances","volume":"36","author":"Stander","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917006","article-title":"Trial of Nemolizumab and Topical Agents for Atopic Dermatitis with Pruritus","volume":"383","author":"Kabashima","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36642-y","article-title":"Tozorakimab (MEDI3506): An anti-IL-33 antibody that inhibits IL-33 signalling via ST2 and RAGE\/EGFR to reduce inflammation and epithelial dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"England","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.08.015","article-title":"Tezepelumab reduces exacerbations across all seasons in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma (NAVIGATOR)","volume":"131","author":"Pavord","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/3\/350\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:10:22Z","timestamp":1760105422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/3\/350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"references-count":213,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["life14030350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14030350","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]}}}