{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T19:09:10Z","timestamp":1781291350826,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperandrogenism is a condition in which the levels of androgen hormones in the blood are significantly increased and could be of an adrenal or ovarian origin. The adrenal androgens, normally secreted by the zona reticularis, are steroid hormones with weak androgen activity. The causes of hyperandrogenism are diverse and could be endogenous and exogenous. Androgen excess affecting different tissues and organs results in clinical features such as acne, hirsutism, virilization, and reproductive dysfunction such as oligomenorrhoea\/amenorrhoea. Although androgen excess is rarely associated with adrenal tumours, it is important as it could be predictive of malignancy. A careful evaluation of the androgen pattern, also in patients with clear signs of hyperandrogenism, could be useful. Laboratory evaluation should focus on measuring total testosterone levels, followed by the estimation of other androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione, and using visualisation procedures in the further management. The treatment of adrenal hyperandrogenism is eminently surgical, in consideration of the frequent malignant origin. The aim of this review is to elaborate and summarize the prevalence and clinical management of hyperandrogenism of an adrenal origin by describing the physiological mechanisms of adrenal androgen steroidogenesis, the clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenism with a special reference to hyperandrogenism in adrenal adenomas and carcinomas, and the diagnostic methods that will lead us to establishing the correct diagnosis and different treatment options to manage this condition according to the clinical presentation of the patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14030360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T06:05:30Z","timestamp":1710137130000},"page":"360","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence and Clinical Management of Adrenal Tumour-Related Hyperandrogenism: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sanja","family":"Medenica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine Clinic, Clinical Center of Montenegro, School of Medicine, University of Montenegro, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2689-1089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dusan","family":"Zivanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Milardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3489-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmine","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata (IDI IRCCS), 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljubica","family":"Batkoska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, SS. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Traini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Endocrine Surgery Unit, San Carlo di Nancy\u2014GVM Care & Research Hospital, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Pontecorvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operative Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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