{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T10:57:00Z","timestamp":1786705020067,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human tongue has highly variable morphology. Its role in regulating respiratory flows and deposition of inhaled aerosols remains unclear. The objective of this study was to quantify the uncertainty of nanoparticle deposition from the variability in tongue shapes and positions and to rank the importance of these morphological factors. Oropharyngeal models with different tongue postures were reconstructed by modifying an existent anatomically accurate upper airway geometry. An LRN k-\u03c9 model was applied to solve the multiregime flows, and the Lagrangian tracking approach with near-wall treatment was used to simulate the behavior and fate of inhaled aerosols. Once the database of deposition rates was completed, a surrogate model was trained using Gaussian process regression with polynomial kernels and was validated by comparing its predictions to new CFD simulations. Input sensitivity analysis and output updateability quantification were then performed using the surrogate model. Results show that particle size is the most significant parameter in determining nanoparticle deposition in the upper airway. Among the morphological factors, the shape variations in the central tongue had a higher impact on the total deposition than those in the back tongue and glottal aperture. When considering subregional deposition, mixed sensitivity levels were observed among morphological factors, with the back tongue being the major factor for throat deposition and the central tongue for oral deposition. Interaction effects between flow rate and morphological factors were much higher than the effects from individual parameters and were most significant in the throat (pharyngolaryngeal region). Given input normal variances, the nanoparticle deposition exhibits logarithmical normal distributions, with much lower uncertainty in 100-nm than 2-nm aerosols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14030406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:39:31Z","timestamp":1710841171000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Nanoparticle Deposition from Tongue Morphological Variations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tiancheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"},{"name":"Shanghai Rebo Granulator Co., Ltd., 489 Gangde Road, Shanghai 201100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuhua","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace, Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2536-2708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinxiang","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12889","article-title":"Mechanistic modeling of generic orally inhaled drug products: A workshop summary report","volume":"12","author":"Walenga","year":"2023","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacomet. 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