{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:42:06Z","timestamp":1788946926972,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University in Gala\u0163i, Romania","award":["VAT-RO27232142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VAT-RO27232142"]}]},{"name":"Research Center\u2014MIC-DIR","award":["VAT-RO27232142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VAT-RO27232142"]}]},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Center for Dermatological Interface Research (CIM-CID)","award":["VAT-RO27232142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VAT-RO27232142"]}]},{"name":"\u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University","award":["VAT-RO27232142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VAT-RO27232142"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skin conditions are numerous and often have a major impact on patients\u2019 quality of life, and effective and safe treatment is very important. The conventional drugs used for skin diseases are usually corticosteroids and antimicrobial products that can induce various side effects, especially with long-term use, which is why researchers are studying alternatives, especially biologically active natural products. Three products caught our attention: bee venom (BV), due to reported experimental results showing anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antimycotic, and anticancer effects, Ficus carica (FC) due to its demonstrated antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory action, and finally Geranium essential oil (GEO), with proven antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Following a review of the literature, we produced this paper, which presents a review of the potential therapeutic applications of the three products in combating various skin conditions and for skin care, because BV, FC, and GEO have common pharmacological actions (anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant). We also focused on studying the safety of the topical use of BV, FC, and GEO, and new approaches to this. This paper presents the use of these natural therapeutic agents to treat patients with conditions such as vitiligo, melasma, and melanoma, as well as their use in treating dermatological conditions in patients with diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14040492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T10:55:28Z","timestamp":1712746528000},"page":"492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Natural Sources of Therapeutic Agents Used in Skin Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Dinu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4290-7068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alin Lauren\u021biu","family":"Tatu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Dermatology Department, \u201cSf. Cuvioasa Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Galati, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Integrative Center for Dermatologic Interface Research MIC-DIR, 800010 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorin Ioan","family":"Coco\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0774-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence Chukwudi","family":"Nwabudike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nicolae Paulescu Institute, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Chirilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Simona","family":"Stefan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamel","family":"Earar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olimpia","family":"Dumitriu Buzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rostkowska, E., Poleszak, E., Wojciechowska, K., and Dos Santos Szewczyk, K. (2023). Dermatological Management of Aged Skin. Cosmetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10020055"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S326332","article-title":"Promising Natural Products in New Drug Design, Development, and Therapy for Skin Disorders: An Overview of Scientific Evidence and Understanding Their Mechanism of Action","volume":"16","author":"Sekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.jcicm.1001018","article-title":"The impact of skin disorders on patients\u2019 quality of life in Malaysia","volume":"4","author":"Kassab","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.125531","article-title":"Plants used to treat skin diseases","volume":"8","author":"Tabassum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Androutsopoulou, C., Christopoulou, S.D., Hahalis, P., Kotsalou, C., Lamari, F.N., and Vantarakis, A. (2021). Evaluation of Essential Oils and Extracts of Rose Geranium and Rose Petals as Natural Preservatives in Terms of Toxicity, Antimicrobial, and Antiviral Activity. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040494"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-019-00646-w","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of bee venom in phthalic anhydride-induced atopic dermatitis animal model","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/120347540200600508","article-title":"Nsaids in dermatologic therapy: Review and preview","volume":"6","author":"Friedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-5539(03)00105-6","article-title":"Soft steroids: A new approach to the treatment of inflammatory airways diseases","volume":"16","author":"Belvisi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-016-0158-5","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic studies of atopic dermatitis","volume":"12","author":"Bin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-018-0521-y","article-title":"Systemic treatment for severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"67","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S229667","article-title":"Emerging role of janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitis","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"ImmunoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.326.11236","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and epidermal barrier function of papulopustular rosacea: A comparison study with acne vulgaris","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550310016463","article-title":"Pathological mechanisms of acne with special emphasis on Propionibacterium acnes and related therapy","volume":"83","author":"Jappe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12989","article-title":"Topical acne treatments in Europe and the issue of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"29","author":"Leccia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozlowska, J., Kaczmarkiewicz, A., Stachowiak, N., and Sionkowska, A. (2017). Evaluation of Sebostatic Activity of Juniperus communis Fruit Oil and Pelargonium graveolens Oil Compared to Niacinamide. Cosmetics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics4030036"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolescu, A.C., Bucur, \u0218., Giurc\u0103neanu, C., Gheuc\u0103-Solov\u0103stru, L., Constantin, T., Furtunescu, F., Ancu\u021ba, I., and Constantin, M.M. (2021). Prevalence and Characteristics of Psoriasis in Romania-First Study in Overall Population. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11060523"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"3421","article-title":"Influence of phytochemicals in induced psoriasis (Review)","volume":"20","author":"Niculet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e679","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000622","article-title":"Magistral Prescription With Silver Nitrate and Peru Balsam in Difficult-to-Heal Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"25","author":"Nwabudike","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15084","article-title":"Reply to Gambichler T et al. Altered epigenetic pathways and cell cycle dysregulation in healthy appearing skin of patients with koebnerized squamous cell carcinomas following skin surgery","volume":"33","author":"Nwabudike","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.3049","article-title":"Autoimmune, atopic, and mental health comorbid conditions associated with alopecia areata in the united states","volume":"149","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2741\/4225","article-title":"Skin barrier in atopic dermatitis","volume":"19","author":"Kezic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21349","article-title":"Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics","volume":"66","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20143063","article-title":"Melasma: A clinical and epidemiological review","volume":"89","author":"Handel","year":"2014","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.142484","article-title":"Melasma update","volume":"5","author":"Sarkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.02.009","article-title":"The treatment of melasma: A review of clinical trials","volume":"55","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108623","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1108623","article-title":"Morphea: The 2023 update","volume":"10","author":"Papara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13868","article-title":"Involvement of non-melanocytic skin cells in vitiligo","volume":"28","author":"Bastonini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12848","article-title":"The genetic architecture of vitiligo","volume":"33","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pigment. Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howell, S.A. (2023). Dermatopathology and the Diagnosis of Fungal Infections. Br. J. Biomed. Sci., 80.","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2023.11314"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majtan, J., Bucekova, M., and Jesenak, M. (2021). Natural Products and Skin Diseases. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154489"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frangieh, J., Salma, Y., Haddad, K., Mattei, C., Legros, C., Fajloun, Z., and El Obeid, D. (2019). First Characterization of The Venom from Apis mellifera syriaca, A honey bee from the Middle East Region. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040191"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66995-7","article-title":"Bee venom-derived antimicrobial peptide melectin has broad-spectrum potency, cell selectivity, and salt-resistant properties","volume":"10","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isidorov, V., Zalewski, A., Zambrowski, G., and Swiecicka, I. (2023). Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Honey Bee Venom. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28104135"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"459","article-title":"Bee Venom Composition: From Chemistry to Biological Activity","volume":"60","author":"Khalifa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.04.012","article-title":"Bee venom therapy: Potential mechanisms and therapeutic applications","volume":"148","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpena, M., Nu\u00f1ez-Estevez, B., Soria-Lopez, A., and Simal-Gandara, J. (2020). Bee Venom: An Updating Review of Its Bioactive Molecules and Its Health Applications. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113360"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grassberger, M., Sherman, R.A., Gileva, O.S., and Kim, C.M.H. (2013). Biotherapy\u2014History, Principles and Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6585-6"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil, A., Elesawy, B.H., Ali, T.M., and Ahmed, O.M. (2021). Bee Venom: From Venom to Drug. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26164941"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2174\/2211352513666150318234624","article-title":"Bee venom: Its potential use in alternative medicine","volume":"13","author":"Bellik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anti-Infect. Agents"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.18663\/tjcl.451586","article-title":"Bee venom: A medical perspective","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Clin. Lab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, S., and Kim, K.H. (2020). Clinical Effectiveness and Adverse Events of Bee Venom Therapy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090558"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7041126","article-title":"Three valuable peptides from bee and wasp venoms for therapeutic and biotechnological use: Melittin, apamin and mastoparan","volume":"7","author":"Moreno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badawi, J.K. (2021). Bee Venom Components as Therapeutic Tools against Prostate Cancer. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13050337"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4103\/japtr.japtr_166_21","article-title":"Analytical methods for honeybee venom characterization","volume":"13","author":"Iouraouine","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.05.013","article-title":"Clinical consequences of toxic envenomations by Hymenoptera","volume":"150","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00054-P","article-title":"Melittin synthesis in the venom system of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)","volume":"33","author":"Owen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, P., Sahu, R.K., Dey, T., Lahkar, M.D., Manna, P., and Kalita, J. (2019). Beneficial role of insect-derived bioactive components against inflammation and its associated complications (colitis and arthritis) and cancer. Chem. Biol. Interact., 313.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2019.108824"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.04.026","article-title":"Honeybee products: An updated review of neurological actions","volume":"101","author":"Khalifa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101179","article-title":"Pharmacopuncture for stroke survivors: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials in South Korea","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Seedi, H., Abd El-Wahed, A., Yosri, N., Musharraf, S.G., Chen, L., Moustafa, M., Zou, X., Al-Mousawi, S., Guo, Z., and Khatib, A. (2020). Antimicrobial Properties of Apis mellifera\u2019s Bee Venom. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12070451"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2018.30.2.202","article-title":"Antifungal Effects of Bee Venom Components on Trichophyton rubrum: A Novel Approach of Bee Venom Study for Possible Emerging Antifungal Agent","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"842","article-title":"Bee wax coated water-soluble fraction of bee venom improved altered glucose homeostasis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"39","author":"Rangachari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17158","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c03640","article-title":"Delivery Strategies for Melittin-Based Cancer Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, G.H., Lee, S., Choi, D.B., Shin, D., Kim, J., Yang, H., and Bae, H. (2020). Bee Venom Phospholipase A2 Ameliorates Atherosclerosis by Modulating Regulatory T Cells. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12100609"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Keum, D.J., Kwak, J.W., Chung, H.-S., and Bae, H. (2014). Bee Venom Phospholipase A2 Protects against Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury by Modulating Regulatory T Cells and IL-10 in Mice. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114726"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/jasmr.jasmr_24_18","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of bee venom against potassium bromate causing genetic toxicity and biochemical alterations in mice","volume":"13","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Arab. Soc. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_921_16","article-title":"Demodex folliculorum associated Bacillus pumilus in lesional areas in rosacea","volume":"83","author":"Tatu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.9734\/jpri\/2021\/v33i29A31579","article-title":"Potential Therapeutic effect of Bee Venom on Cisplatin-Induced Hepatotoxicity","volume":"33","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e346","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14921","article-title":"Reply to: Kubiak K et al. Endosymbiosis and its significance in dermatology","volume":"32","author":"Tatu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6872","article-title":"Bee products as a source of promising therapeutic and chemoprophylaxis strategies against COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"35","author":"Lima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594458","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.594458","article-title":"Bee Venom-A Potential Complementary Medicine Candidate for SARS-CoV-2 Infections","volume":"8","author":"Kasozi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14181","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14181","article-title":"Familial clustering of COVID-19 skin manifestations","volume":"33","author":"Tatu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Wahed, A.A.A., Khalifa, S.A.M., Elashal, M.H., Musharraf, S.G., Saeed, A., Khatib, A., Tahir, H.E., Zou, X., Naggar, Y.A., and Mehmood, A. (2021). Cosmetic Applications of Bee Venom. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13110810"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S.M., Kim, J.M., Hong, I.P., Woo, S.O., Kim, S.G., Jang, H.R., and Pak, S.C. (2016). Antibacterial activity and antibiotic-enhancing effects of honeybee venom against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21010079"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nainu, F., Masyita, A., Bahar, M.A., Raihan, M., Prova, S.R., Mitra, S., Emran, T.B., and Simal-Gandara, J. (2021). Pharmaceutical Prospects of Bee Products: Special Focus on Anticancer, Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Antiparasitic Properties. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070822"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Park, S.Y., and Lee, G. (2019). Potential Therapeutic Applications of Bee Venom on Skin Disease and Its Mechanisms: A Literature Review. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11070374"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"4","article-title":"Bee venom: Apitherapy and more","volume":"159","author":"Jodidio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Dermatol. Venerol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.01.055","article-title":"Review on fresh and dried figs: Chemical analysis and occurrence of phytochemical compounds, antioxidant capacity and health effects","volume":"119","author":"Arvaniti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41124","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41124","article-title":"Identification of RAN1 orthologue associated with sex determination through whole genome sequencing analysis in fig (Ficus carica L.)","volume":"7","author":"Mori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03446.x","article-title":"Biosynthesis of plant-derived flavor compounds","volume":"54","author":"Schwab","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.488236","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Ficus carica Linn. leaves","volume":"26","author":"Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"2587","article-title":"Phytopharmacological importance of Pelargonium species","volume":"5","author":"Saraswathi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roman, S., Voaides, C., and Babeanu, N. (2023). Exploring the Sustainable Exploitation of Bioactive Compounds in Pelargonium sp.: Beyond a Fragrant Plant. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12244123"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangchart, P., Panyatip, P., Damrongrungruang, T., Priprem, A., Mahakunakorn, P., and Puthongking, P. (2021). Anti-Inflammatory Comparison of Melatonin and Its Bromobenzoylamide Derivatives in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells and Croton Oil-Induced Mice Ear Edema. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26144285"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4310","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14487","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of bee venom and its major component, melittin, on atopic dermatitis in vivo and in vitro","volume":"175","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17873-2","article-title":"Beneficial effects of melittin on ovalbumin-induced atopic dermatitis in mouse","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.04.006","article-title":"Apamin inhibits TNF-\u03b1- and IFN-\u03b3-induced inflammatory cytokines and chemokines via suppressions of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway and STAT in human keratinocytes","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"3711","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of bee venom on experimental atopic dermatitis","volume":"18","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Lee, Y.W., and Kim, H. (2019). Chung DKBee Venom Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms through the Upregulation of Decay-Accelerating Factor (DAF\/CD55). Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11050239"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"2896","article-title":"Bee venom ameliorates compound 48\/80-induced atopic dermatitis-related symptoms","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9693","article-title":"Multifactorial expression of IL 6 with update on COVID 19 and the therapeutic strategies of its blockade (Review)","volume":"21","author":"Niculet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, K.H., Baek, H., Kang, M., Kim, N., Lee, S.Y., and Bae, H. (2017). Bee Venom Phospholipase A2 Ameliorates House Dust Mite Extract Induced Atopic Dermatitis Like Skin Lesions in Mice. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020068"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2016.28.5.593","article-title":"Effects of Emollient Containing Bee Venom on Atopic Dermatitis: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Base-Controlled, Multicenter Study of 136 Patients","volume":"28","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2017.10.003","article-title":"A new topical treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients based on Ficus carica L. (Fig): A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Abbasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"S105","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the essential oil of Pelargonium graveolens for the treatment of denture stomatitis","volume":"8","author":"Sabzghabaee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22520","DOI":"10.3402\/ljm.v8i0.22520","article-title":"Rose geranium essential oil as a source of new and safe anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"8","author":"Boukhatem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Libyan J. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"459","article-title":"Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom against acne-inducing bacteria","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.75","article-title":"The protective effects of melittin on propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo","volume":"134","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"272","article-title":"Antibacterial action of certain tretinoin and benzoyl peroxide liposomes. Case study","volume":"12","author":"Bezman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Roum. J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin, J., Watterson, S., Layton, A.M., Bjourson, A.J., Barnard, E., and McDowell, A. (2019). Propionibacterium acnes and Acne Vulgaris: New Insights from the Integration of Population Genetic, Multi-Omic, Biochemical and Host-Microbe Studies. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7050128"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1933","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of bee venom on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammatory skin disease in an animal model","volume":"34","author":"An","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3736\/jintegrmed2013043","article-title":"Effects of cosmetics containing purified honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) venom on acne vulgaris","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12227","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-acne property of purified bee venom serum in humans","volume":"15","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.37358\/RC.19.2.6928","article-title":"Liposomes, Formulation and Pharmacotechnical Assessment of Anti-Acne Preparations","volume":"70","author":"Tatu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Chim."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2023.v15s2.27","article-title":"Anti-acne cream of leaves extract of fig (ficus carica l.) From ciwidey district, indonesia, against propionibacterium acnes and staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"15","author":"Saptarini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"27","article-title":"Bee venom and propolis as new treatment modality in patients with localized plaque psoriases","volume":"1","author":"Hegazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3109\/09546634.2014.990411","article-title":"Efficacy of the apitherapy in the treatment of recalcitrant localized plaque psoriasis and evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) serum level: A double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Eltaher","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571535","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.571535","article-title":"A Review of the Pharmacological Properties of Psoralen","volume":"11","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2016.10.025","article-title":"Psoralen loaded liposomal nanocarriers for improved skin penetration and efficacy of topical PUVA in psoriasis","volume":"96","author":"Doppalapudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., and Lee, M.Y. (2023). In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Psoriasis Activity of Ficus carica Fruit Extracts via JAK-STAT Modulation. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13081671"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurek-G\u00f3recka, A., Komosinska-Vassev, K., Rzepecka-Stojko, A., and Olczyk, P. (2020). Bee Venom in Wound Healing. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26010148"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2010.08.022","article-title":"Biological effects of treatment of an animal skin wound with honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) venom","volume":"64","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plast Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2018.10.016","article-title":"Bee venom improves diabetic wound healing by protecting functional macrophages from apoptosis and enhancing nrf2, ang-1, and tie-2 signaling","volume":"103","author":"Hozzein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0308-y","article-title":"Accelerated wound healing and anti-inflammatory effects of physically cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan hydrogel containing honey bee venom in diabetic rats","volume":"37","author":"Amin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25328","article-title":"Bee venom accelerates wound healing in diabetic mice by suppressing activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated oxidative stress and recruiting bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"231","author":"Badr","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.9b01750","article-title":"In Vivo Assessment of a Hydroxyapatite\/\u03ba-Carrageenan-Maleic Anhydride-Casein\/Doxorubicin Composite-Coated Titanium Bone Implant","volume":"6","author":"Sumathra","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2021.1890610","article-title":"Ficus carica extract impregnated amphiphilic polymer scaffold for diabetic wound tissue regenerations","volume":"49","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2013.11.002","article-title":"The antibacterial activity of geranium oil against Gram-negative bacteria isolated from difficult-to-heal wounds","volume":"40","author":"Sienkiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1159\/000492035","article-title":"Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Alopecia: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"5","author":"Hosking","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung, S.-H., Kim, J.-W., Han, J.-E., Shin, B.-C., Park, J.-K., and Lee, G. (2021). Animal Venom for Medical Usage in Pharmacopuncture in Korean Medicine: Current Status and Clinical Implication. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020105"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b16-00158","article-title":"Bee venom promotes hair growth in association with inhibiting 5alpha-reductase expression","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.H., Kim, T.Y., Goo, B., and Park, Y. (2024). Bee Venom Stimulates Growth Factor Release from Adipose-Derived Stem Cells to Promote Hair Growth. Toxins, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16020084"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-009-2022-3","article-title":"Self-assembling chitosan\/poly-\u03b3-glutamic acid nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery","volume":"287","author":"Keresztessy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-007-1785-7","article-title":"Nanoparticles prepared by self-assembly of chitosan and poly-\u03b3-glutamic acid","volume":"286","author":"Hajdu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.J., Kwon, H.K., Kim, H.S., Kim, M.I., and Park, H.J. (2019). Hair Growth Promoting Effect of 4HGF Encapsulated with PGA Nanoparticles (PGA-4HGF) by \u03b2-Catenin Activation and Its Related Cell Cycle Molecules. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143447"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2012.28.1.001","article-title":"Skin Sensitization Study of Bee Venom (Apis mellifera L.) in Guinea Pigs","volume":"28","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S84940","article-title":"The beneficial effects of honeybee-venom serum on facial wrinkles in humans","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S80906","article-title":"In vitro antioxidant, collagenase inhibition, and in vivo anti-wrinkle effects of combined formulation containing Punica granatum, Ginkgo biloba, Ficus carica, and Morus alba fruits extract","volume":"8","author":"Ghimeray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"560","article-title":"Effects of Cream Containing Ficus carica L. Fruit Extract on Skin Parameters: In vivo Evaluation","volume":"76","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohani, A., Verma, A., Hema, G., and Pathak, K. (2021). Topical Delivery of Geranium\/Calendula Essential Oil-Entrapped Ethanolic Lipid Vesicular Cream to Combat Skin Aging. Biomed Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4593759"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, H.N., Baek, S.B., and Jung, H.J. (2019). Bee Venom and Its Peptide Component Melittin Suppress Growth and Migration of Melanoma Cells via Inhibition of PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR and MAPK Pathways. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050929"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.06.007","article-title":"Honeybee venom induces calcium-dependent but caspase-independent apoptotic cell death in human melanoma A2058 cells","volume":"52","author":"Tu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38842","article-title":"Molecularly targeted nanocarriers deliver the cytolytic peptide melittin specifically to tumor cells in mice, reducing tumor growth","volume":"119","author":"Soman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"255","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a topical Unani pharmacopoeial formulation Tila-e-Kalf in the management of melasma (Kalf): A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Nikhat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13404","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013404","article-title":"Bee venom acupuncture for circumscribed morphea in a patient with systemic sclerosis: A case report","volume":"97","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"1039","article-title":"New insights in vitiligo treatments using bioactive compounds from Piper nigrum","volume":"17","author":"Tatu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2007.66","article-title":"Bee venom stimulates human melanocyte proliferation, melanogenesis, dendricity, and migration","volume":"39","author":"Jeon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700180","article-title":"Spla2-x stimulates cutaneous melanocyte dendricity and pigmentation through a lysophosphatidylcholine-dependent mechanism","volume":"126","author":"Scott","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1996.tb02446.x","article-title":"Phospholipases induce melanogenesis in organ-cultured skin","volume":"64","author":"Maeda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3839\/jabc.2011.052","article-title":"The antifungal activity of bee venom against dermatophytes","volume":"55","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2016.19.006","article-title":"Antifungal activity of bee venom and sweet bee venom against clinically isolated candida albicans","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopunct."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaradat, N., Hawash, M., Qadi, M., Abualhasan, M., Odetallah, A., Qasim, G., Awayssa, R., Akkawi, A., Abdullah, I., and Al-Maharik, N. (2022). Chemical Markers and Pharmacological Characters of Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil from Palestine. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175721"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Israel, A., Langrand, J., Fontaine, J., and Loun\u00e8s-Hadj Sahraoui, A. (2022). Significance of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Mitigating Abiotic Environmental Stress in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: A Review. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11172591"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2005.00960.x","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of hymenoptera venom allergy: Guidelines for clinical practice","volume":"60","author":"Bonifazi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02090","article-title":"Bee Updated: Current Knowledge on Bee Venom and Bee Envenoming Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Pucca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.18325\/jkmr.2015.25.4.175","article-title":"The case report of anaphylaxis after treated with bee-venom acupuncture","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8597-4","article-title":"Immunology of bee venom","volume":"54","author":"Komi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785304","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2785304","article-title":"Effectual Anticancer Potentiality of Loaded Bee Venom onto Fungal Chitosan Nanoparticles","volume":"2020","author":"Alalawy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v21.i5.20","article-title":"PLGA nanoparticles in drug delivery: The state of the art","volume":"21","author":"Bala","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15072","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200815072","article-title":"Preformulation Studies of Bee Venom for the Preparation of Bee Venom-Loaded PLGA Particles","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.892515","article-title":"Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ficus carica: A review","volume":"52","author":"Badgujar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/4\/492\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:25:52Z","timestamp":1760106352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/4\/492"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["life14040492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14040492","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]}}}