{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T12:39:47Z","timestamp":1791722387119,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The transformation of HIV into a manageable chronic condition has unveiled new clinical challenges associated with aging-related pathologies, including bone disease. This review explores the intricate relationship between HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and bone disease, highlighting the necessity of early diagnosis and preventative strategies to mitigate the increased risk of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures in people living with HIV (PLWHIV). It synthesizes the current literature to elucidate the multifactorial etiology of bone pathology in this population, that includes direct viral effects, chronic immune activation, ART-associated risks, and the impact of traditional risk factors for bone loss. Through a critical examination of modern diagnostic methods, lifestyle modifications, evidence-based preventive actions, and pharmacological treatments, the necessity for comprehensive management is highlighted, along with recommendations for integrated healthcare approaches vital for achieving optimal patient outcomes. By advocating for a proactive, patient-centered, and multidisciplinary strategy, this review proposes a plan to integrate bone health into standard HIV care through active risk identification, vigilant screening, effective preventive measures, tailored treatments, and informed decision-making, in an effort to ultimately enhance the quality of life for PLWHIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14040522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T08:22:44Z","timestamp":1713342164000},"page":"522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Bone Disease in HIV: Need for Early Diagnosis and Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7963-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Schinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Schinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Ntampanlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Polyzou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charalambos","family":"Gogos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4289-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Akinosoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1086\/656412","article-title":"Bone disease in HIV infection: A practical review and recommendations for HIV care providers","volume":"51","author":"McComsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115509","article-title":"Deficits in bone strength, density and microarchitecture in women living with HIV: A cross-sectional HR-pQCT study","volume":"138","author":"Macdonald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGinty, T., Cotter, A.G., Sabin, C.A., Macken, A., Kavanagh, E., Compston, J., Sheehan, G., Lambert, J., and Mallon, P.W.G. (2019). Assessment of trabecular bone score, an index of bone microarchitecture, in HIV positive and HIV negative persons within the HIV UPBEAT cohort. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213440"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-022-00613-1","article-title":"Bone Quality in Relation to HIV and Antiretroviral Drugs","volume":"19","author":"Olali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32801022eb","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis: A meta-analytic review","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4305-8","article-title":"Reduced bone mineral density in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: A meta-analysis of its prevalence and risk factors","volume":"29","author":"Goh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002958","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Low Bone Mineral Density in HIV\/AIDS Patients: A Chinese Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"90","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832ce85a","article-title":"Metabolic bone disease in HIV infection","volume":"23","author":"Borderi","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pramukti, I., Lindayani, L., Chen, Y.-C., Yeh, C.-Y., Tai, T.-W., Fetzer, S., and Ko, N.-Y. (2020). Bone fracture among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-regression of prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233501"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-021-00949-y","article-title":"Incident bone fracture and mortality in a large HIV cohort outpatient study, 2000\u20132017, USA","volume":"16","author":"Battalora","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cotter, E.J., Ip, H.S.M., Powderly, W.G., and Doran, P.P. (2008). Mechanism of HIV protein induced modulation of mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-9-33"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12308","article-title":"The HIV proteins Tat and Nef promote human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell senescence and alter osteoblastic differentiation","volume":"14","author":"Beaupere","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2007.0112","article-title":"HIV proteins regulate bone marker secretion and transcription factor activity in cultured human osteoblasts with consequent potential implications for osteoblast function and development","volume":"23","author":"Cotter","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13848","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1003020107","article-title":"Alterations in the immuno-skeletal interface drive bone destruction in HIV-1 transgenic rats","volume":"107","author":"Vikulina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Titanji, K., Vunnava, A., Sheth, A.N., Delille, C., Lennox, J.L., Sanford, S.E., Foster, A., Knezevic, A., Easley, K.A., and Weitzmann, M.N. (2014). Dysregulated B cell expression of RANKL and OPG correlates with loss of bone mineral density in HIV infection. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004497"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19724","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.4.19724","article-title":"HIV-1 tat and rev upregulates osteoclast bone resorption","volume":"17","author":"Chew","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000275","article-title":"Does systemic inflammation and immune activation contribute to fracture risk in HIV?","volume":"11","author":"McGinty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000320","article-title":"Is bone loss linked to chronic inflammation in antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults? A 48-week matched cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Hileman","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001764","article-title":"T-cell receptor activator of nuclear factor-\u03baB ligand\/osteoprotegerin imbalance is associated with HIV-induced bone loss in patients with higher CD4+ T-cell counts","volume":"32","author":"Titanji","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, M., Mital, D., Abubaker, N.E., Panourgia, M., Owles, H., Papadaki, I., and Ahmed, M.H. (2023). Bone Health in People Living with HIV\/AIDS: An Update of Where We Are and Potential Future Strategies. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030789"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002087","article-title":"Microbial translocation revisited: Targeting the endotoxic potential of gut microbes in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"33","author":"Stiksrud","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000341","article-title":"HIV-associated changes in the enteric microbial community: Potential role in loss of homeostasis and development of systemic inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Gootenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00502","article-title":"Influence of HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy on Bone Homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Delpino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003400","article-title":"Gut microbiota and plasma metabolites associated with bone mineral density in women with or at risk of HIV infection","volume":"37","author":"Mei","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-022-00946-4","article-title":"Osteoporosis and HIV Infection","volume":"110","author":"Biver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlot, M.C., Grijsen, M.L., Prins, J.M., de Jongh, R.T., de Jonge, R., den Heijer, M., and Heijboer, A.C. (2018). Effect of antiretroviral therapy on bone turnover and bone mineral density in men with primary HIV-1 infection. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193679"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir188","article-title":"Bone mineral density and fractures in antiretroviral-naive persons randomized to receive abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine along with efavirenz or atazanavir-ritonavir: Aids Clinical Trials Group A5224s, a substudy of ACTG A5202","volume":"203","author":"McComsey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1086\/656417","article-title":"Comparison of changes in bone density and turnover with abacavir-lamivudine versus tenofovir-emtricitabine in HIV-infected adults: 48-week results from the ASSERT study","volume":"51","author":"Stellbrink","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, W.M., Wattanachanya, L., Apornpong, T., Jantrapakde, J., Avihingsanon, A., Kerr, S.J., Teeratakulpisarn, N., Jadwattanakul, T., Chaiwatanarat, T., and Buranasupkajorn, P. (2020). Bone mineral density changes among people living with HIV who have started with TDF-containing regimen: A five-year prospective study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230368"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3346","article-title":"The effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on bone mineral density: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Baranek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2006.00518.x","article-title":"Acquired Fanconi\u2019s syndrome associated with tenofovir therapy","volume":"21","author":"Mathew","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001067","article-title":"Bone mineral density decline according to renal tubular dysfunction and phosphaturia in tenofovir-exposed HIV-infected patients","volume":"30","author":"Casado","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"91","article-title":"Fanconi syndrome due to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate reversed by switching to tenofovir alafenamide fumarate in an HIV-infected patient","volume":"5","author":"Mothobi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000908","article-title":"Switching to Tenofovir Alafenamide, Coformulated with Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, and Emtricitabine, in HIV-Infected Patients with Renal Impairment: 48-Week Results from a Single-Arm, Multicenter, Open-Label Phase 3 Study","volume":"71","author":"Pozniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00348-5","article-title":"Switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide in antiretroviral regimens for virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1 infection: A randomised, active-controlled, multicentre, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority study","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328340a28d","article-title":"High prevalence of and progression to low bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Bonjoch","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080484","article-title":"WNT\/\u03b2-catenin signaling is involved in regulation of osteoclast differentiation by human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir: Relationship to human immunodeficiency virus-linked bone mineral loss","volume":"174","author":"Modarresi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.11.089","article-title":"Noncanonical Wnt signaling promotes osteoclast differentiation and is facilitated by the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir","volume":"417","author":"Santiago","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000260","article-title":"The protease inhibitors and HIV-associated bone loss","volume":"11","author":"Moran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S260449","article-title":"Bone Safety of Dolutegravir-Containing Regimens in People Living with HIV: Results from a Real-World Cohort","volume":"13","author":"Bonfanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3183","article-title":"Immediate Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection Accelerates Bone Loss Relative to Deferring Therapy: Findings from the START Bone Mineral Density Substudy, a Randomized Trial","volume":"32","author":"Hoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328359a8ca","article-title":"Fractures after antiretroviral initiation","volume":"26","author":"Yin","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8282","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9282","article-title":"Role of T-cell reconstitution in HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy-induced bone loss","volume":"6","author":"Ofotokun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000918","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy induces a rapid increase in bone resorption that is positively associated with the magnitude of immune reconstitution in HIV infection","volume":"30","author":"Ofotokun","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit538","article-title":"Low baseline CD4+ count is associated with greater bone mineral density loss after antiretroviral therapy initiation","volume":"57","author":"Grant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12796","article-title":"The rate of bone loss slows after 1\u20132 years of initial antiretroviral therapy: Final results of the Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy (START) bone mineral density substudy","volume":"21","author":"Carr","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000445","article-title":"Microstructural alterations of trabecular and cortical bone in long-term HIV-infected elderly men on successful antiretroviral therapy","volume":"28","author":"Biver","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.115210","article-title":"Factors associated with bone microstructural alterations assessed by HR-pQCT in long-term HIV-infected individuals","volume":"133","author":"Foreman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181893e8e","article-title":"Evolution and predictors of change in total bone mineral density over time in HIV-infected men and women in the nutrition for healthy living study","volume":"49","author":"Jacobson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq242","article-title":"Increased rates of bone fracture among HIV-infected persons in the HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) compared with the US general population, 2000\u20132006","volume":"52","author":"Young","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832c1792","article-title":"Continuous antiretroviral therapy decreases bone mineral density","volume":"23","author":"Grund","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328337b161","article-title":"High prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency in combined antiretroviral therapy-naive and successfully treated Swiss HIV patients","volume":"24","author":"Mueller","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq158","article-title":"Low vitamin D among HIV-infected adults: Prevalence of and risk factors for low vitamin D Levels in a cohort of HIV-infected adults and comparison to prevalence among adults in the US general population","volume":"52","author":"Dao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis785","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and its association with low bone mineral density, HIV-related factors, hospitalization, and death in a predominantly black HIV-infected cohort","volume":"55","author":"Sherwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1999.00407.x","article-title":"Hypocalcaemia in HIV infection and AIDS","volume":"245","author":"Kuehn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-012-1940-y","article-title":"The effects of smoking on bone metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godos, J., Giampieri, F., Chisari, E., Micek, A., Paladino, N., Forbes-Hern\u00e1ndez, T.Y., Quiles, J.L., Battino, M., La Vignera, S., and Musumeci, G. (2022). Alcohol Consumption, Bone Mineral Density, and Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031515"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu499","article-title":"Low bone mineral density in patients with well-suppressed HIV infection: Association with body weight, smoking, and prior advanced HIV disease","volume":"211","author":"Kooij","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002245","article-title":"Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Low Bone Mineral Density Assessed by Quantitative Computed Tomography in People Living with HIV and Uninfected Controls","volume":"83","author":"Thomsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis933","article-title":"Mortality Attributable to Smoking Among HIV-1\u2013Infected Individuals: A Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"56","author":"Helleberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000540","article-title":"Smoking and life expectancy among HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America","volume":"29","author":"Helleberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"NIH National Cancer Institute (2024, April 01). Available online: https:\/\/cancercontrol.cancer.gov\/brp\/tcrb\/tobacco-hiv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2006.15.1141","article-title":"Impact of smoking cessation on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women","volume":"15","author":"Oncken","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73789-4","article-title":"Smoking cessation increases levels of osteocalcin and uncarboxylated osteocalcin in human sera","volume":"10","author":"Kiyota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201009-058WR","article-title":"Cigarette smoking in the HIV-infected population","volume":"8","author":"Rahmanian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318142aabb","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and HIV disease progression","volume":"46","author":"Samet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Womack, J.A., Goulet, J.L., Gibert, C., Brandt, C., Chang, C.C., Gulanski, B., Fraenkel, L., Mattocks, K., Rimland, D., and Rodriguez-Barradas, M.C. (2011). Increased risk of fragility fractures among HIV infected compared to uninfected male veterans. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017217"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13801","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption and Bone Mineral Density in People with HIV and Substance Use Disorder: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"42","author":"Saitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14186","article-title":"Reduced Serum Osteocalcin in High-Risk Alcohol Using People Living with HIV Does Not Correlate with Systemic Oxidative Stress or Inflammation: Data from the New Orleans Alcohol Use in HIV Study","volume":"43","author":"Watt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14303","article-title":"Alcohol and Bone Turnover Markers among People Living with HIV and Substance Use Disorder","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10703","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10703","article-title":"Impact of Alcohol on Bone Health in People Living with HIV: Integrating Clinical Data from Serum Bone Markers with Morphometric Analysis in a Non-Human Primate Model","volume":"7","author":"Denys","year":"2023","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"143","article-title":"Addressing alcohol use in HIV-infected persons","volume":"19","author":"Chander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top. Antivir. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S137974","article-title":"Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia in people living with HIV in Africa: Re-emerging challenges not to be forgotten","volume":"9","author":"Husain","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV\/AIDS Res. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041811","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk and Body-Fat Abnormalities in HIV-Infected Adults","volume":"352","author":"Grinspoon","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.01.019","article-title":"Bone fragility in patients with diabetes mellitus: A consensus statement from the working group of the Italian Diabetes Society (SID), Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE), Italian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics (SIGG), Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology (SIOT)","volume":"31","author":"Napoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162085","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.162085","article-title":"Longitudinal associations of insulin resistance with change in bone mineral density in midlife women","volume":"7","author":"Shieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Chen, F., Liu, L., and Zhang, Q. (2023). Prevalence of osteoporosis in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Endocr. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01260-8"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-017-0162-y","article-title":"Bone mineral density in people living with HIV: A narrative review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Kruger","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvac148","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvac148","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and Its Association with Osteoporosis in People Living with HIV","volume":"6","author":"Caeran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X18999200917120449","article-title":"Association between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Bone Mineral Density in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Long-term TDF-Based Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e782","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30236-8","article-title":"Hypogonadism and bone health in men with HIV","volume":"7","author":"Maffezzoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01665-7","article-title":"Impact of hypogonadism on bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in HIV-infected men","volume":"45","author":"Pezzaioli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-14-2-59","article-title":"Bone mineral density in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected men with hypogonadism prior to highly-active-antiretroviral-therapy (HAART)","volume":"14","author":"Teichmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.03.007","article-title":"Fracture risk in hepatitis C virus infected persons: Results from the DANVIR cohort study","volume":"61","author":"Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.SJG_452_16","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of osteoporosis: A meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Wijarnpreecha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25866","article-title":"Risk of hip fracture associated with hepatitis C virus infection and hepatitis C\/human immunodeficiency virus coinfection","volume":"56","author":"Volk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2026","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1396","article-title":"Effects of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Eradication on Bone Mineral Density in Human Immunodeficiency Virus\/HCV-Coinfected Patients","volume":"73","author":"Carrero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit757","article-title":"Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with HIV: 2013 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"58","author":"Aberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.04.062","article-title":"The clinical role of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry","volume":"71","author":"Blake","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-011-9544-7","article-title":"FRAX\u00ae with and without bone mineral density","volume":"90","author":"Kanis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13170","article-title":"FRAX assessment in people ageing with HIV","volume":"23","author":"Mazzitelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2024, April 01). European Aids Clinical Society Guidelines Version 12.0. Available online: https:\/\/eacs.sanfordguide.com\/prevention-non-infectious-co-morbidities\/bone-disease-screening-dx."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/25787489.2020.1794438","article-title":"Evaluation of the fracture risk assessment tool for determining bone disease and the impact of secondary causes of osteoporosis in people living with HIV","volume":"21","author":"Vizcarra","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107142","article-title":"Bone-density testing interval and transition to osteoporosis in older women","volume":"366","author":"Gourlay","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negredo, E., Bonjoch, A., G\u00f3mez-Mateu, M., Estany, C., Puig, J., Perez-Alvarez, N., Rosales, J., di Gregorio, S., del Rio, L., and G\u00f3mez, G. (2012). Time of progression to osteopenia\/osteoporosis in chronically HIV-infected patients: Screening DXA scan. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046031"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"3","article-title":"Simulating the development and progression of Chronic Kidney Disease and osteoporosis in people living with HIV. Farmeconomia","volume":"17","author":"Adami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Econ. Ther. Pathw."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.217","article-title":"Advances in bone imaging for osteoporosis","volume":"9","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.183.4.1830949","article-title":"Diagnosis of Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures: Importance of Recognition and Description by Radiologists","volume":"183","author":"Lenchik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15325-1","article-title":"Prediction of total and hip fracture risk in men and women by quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus: EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study","volume":"363","author":"Khaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00310168","article-title":"Three quantitative ultrasound parameters reflect bone structure","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cournil, A., Eymard-Duvernay, S., Diouf, A., Moquet, C., Coutherut, J., Gueye, N.F.N., Cames, C., Taverne, B., Bork, K., and Sow, P.S. (2012). Reduced Quantitative Ultrasound Bone Mineral Density in HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Senegal. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031726"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P98","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-13-S4-P98","article-title":"Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in HIV-infected patients: A reliable and low-cost technique for bone health assessment","volume":"13","author":"Marocco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282ef1bb4","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in HIV infection: An urban epidemic","volume":"21","author":"Wyatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13596535221094898","DOI":"10.1177\/13596535221094898","article-title":"The renal-bone axis in older people living with HIV on stable antiretroviral therapy: A sub-analysis of the GS-US-104-0423 study","volume":"27","author":"Alvarez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, C.J., Gwetu, T., Labadarios, D., Muller, E., Veldman, F.J., Ellis, C., and Kassier, S.M. (2023). Prevalence of osteoporosis and factors associated with bone density in HIV-positive kidney transplant candidates and recipients from an HIV-positive donor. S. Afr. J. Clin. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1080\/16070658.2023.2271213"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000248","article-title":"Tenofovir and bone health","volume":"11","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-006-0012-x","article-title":"Osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with HIV: A review of current concepts","volume":"8","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1409","article-title":"Vitamin D and Calcium Attenuate Bone Loss with Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation: A Randomized Trial","volume":"162","author":"Overton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix753","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Supplementation Increases Spine Bone Mineral Density in Adolescents and Young Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Being Treated with Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"66","author":"Havens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1159\/000510367","article-title":"Effectiveness of Medical Nutrition Therapy to Improve Dietary Habits for Promoting Bone Health in People Living with Chronic HIV","volume":"76","author":"Singhato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Vecchi, V., Soresi, M., Giannitrapani, L., Mazzola, G., La Sala, S., Tramuto, F., Caruso, G., Colomba, C., Mansueto, P., and Madonia, S. (2012). Dairy calcium intake and lifestyle risk factors for bone loss in HIV-infected and uninfected Mediterranean subjects. BMC Infect. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-192"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"213","article-title":"Is there enough evidence to use bisphosphonates in HIV-infected patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Pinzone","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2020.27.3.175","article-title":"Use of Bisphosphonates, Calcium and Vitamin D for Bone Demineralization in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus\/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"27","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bone Metab."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000145352.04440.1e","article-title":"Alendronate, vitamin D, and calcium for the treatment of osteopenia\/osteoporosis associated with HIV infection","volume":"38","author":"Mondy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282ef961d","article-title":"Alendronate with calcium and vitamin D supplementation is safe and effective for the treatment of decreased bone mineral density in HIV","volume":"21","author":"McComsey","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3834","article-title":"Prolonged Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Mineral Density and Turnover in HIV-Infected Adults on Tenofovir: A Randomized, Open-Label Study","volume":"34","author":"Carr","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32831c8adc","article-title":"A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial of zoledronate therapy for HIV-associated osteopenia and osteoporosis","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2216","article-title":"Annual zoledronate increases bone density in highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"92","author":"Bolland","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3712","article-title":"Effects of Intravenous Zoledronate on Bone Turnover and Bone Density Persist for at Least 11 Years in HIV-Infected Men","volume":"34","author":"Bolland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001911","article-title":"Zoledronic acid is superior to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-switching for low bone mineral density in adults with HIV","volume":"32","author":"Hoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw331","article-title":"A Single-dose Zoledronic Acid Infusion Prevents Antiretroviral Therapy-induced Bone Loss in Treatment-naive HIV-infected Patients: A Phase IIb Trial","volume":"63","author":"Ofotokun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12575","article-title":"Zoledronic acid inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorptive function by suppressing RANKL-mediated NF-\u03baB and JNK and their downstream signalling pathways","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-021-00276-5","article-title":"Administration of zoledronic acid alleviates osteoporosis in HIV patients by suppressing osteoclastogenesis via regulating RANKL expression","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2021.101128","article-title":"Denosumab versus zoledronate for the treatment of low bone mineral density in male HIV-infected patients","volume":"15","author":"Makras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01074","article-title":"Management of Reduced Bone Mineral Density in HIV: Pharmacological Challenges and the Role of Exercise","volume":"9","author":"Chisati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2018.03.004","article-title":"Relationships Between Physical Activity and Bone Density in People Living with HIV: Results from the SATURN-HIV Study","volume":"29","author":"Perazzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, C., Kruger, H.S., Viljoen, M., Dave, J.A., and Kruger, M.C. (2021). Factors Associated with Bone Mineral Density and Bone Resorption Markers in Postmenopausal HIV-Infected Women on Antiretroviral Therapy: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062090"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chisati, E.M., Constantinou, D., and Lampiao, F. (2020). Effects of maximal strength training on bone mineral density in people living with HIV and receiving anti-retroviral therapy: A pilot study. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-020-00216-6"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3466","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001001","article-title":"Impact of Strength Training on Bone Mineral Density in Patients Infected with HIV Exhibiting Lipodystrophy","volume":"29","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Osteopenia in eugonadal men with acquired immune deficiency syndrome wasting syndrome","volume":"86","author":"Fairfield","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2018.0150","article-title":"Effect of Testosterone Use on Bone Mineral Density in HIV-Infected Men","volume":"35","author":"Grant","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182716e38","article-title":"Risk factors for falls in HIV-infected persons","volume":"61","author":"Erlandson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/4\/522\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:29:16Z","timestamp":1760106556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/4\/522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["life14040522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14040522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]}}}