{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:01:51Z","timestamp":1790874111946,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic lateral epicondylitis challenges the therapeutical approach; underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood; neuropathic pain and central and peripheral sensitization may explain the fact that botulinum toxin has been found to play a role in pain and function management. Methods: We searched the literature for MeSH terms: lateral epicondylitis or synonyms and botulinum toxin. Results: We found 14 papers containing trials on botulinum toxin injection into the tendon or into the extensor muscles (specifically, extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor communis digitorum). We followed the administration pathways, doses, timing, and side effects. Conclusions: With a chronic course, the focus of the therapy shifts from the afflicted tendon to the inserting muscles, as muscle contracture may create a vicious loop to perpetuate and aggravate the disease. Doses, timing, and side effects are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14040528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T09:53:52Z","timestamp":1713779632000},"page":"528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Botulinum Toxin in Chronic Lateral Epicondylitis, from Tendon to Muscle Approach\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4135-5695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Poenaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miruna Ioana","family":"Sandulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5801-5416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia-Gabriela","family":"Potcovaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6216-6688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delia","family":"Cinteza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2010.07.002","article-title":"Injection of botulinum toxin for treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Kalichman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. 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Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10060224"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.04.027","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A selectivity for certain types of pain is associated with capsaicin-sensitive neurons","volume":"155","author":"Matak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01245.x","article-title":"Treatment of refractory pain with botulinum toxins\u2014An evidence-based review","volume":"12","author":"Jabbari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)62958-3","article-title":"Treatment of chronic tennis elbow with botulinum toxin","volume":"349","author":"Keizer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200208000-00015","article-title":"Botulinum toxin injection versus surgical treatment for tennis elbow: A randomized pilot study","volume":"401","author":"Keizer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. 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Sports"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090906","article-title":"Use of anatomic measurement to guide injection of botulinum toxin for the management of chronic lateral epicondylitis: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"182","author":"Espandar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e3181cf564d","article-title":"Comparison between botulinum toxin and corticosteroid Injection in the treatment of acute and subacute tennis elbow: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, active drug-controlled pilot study","volume":"89","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.08.475","article-title":"Comparison Between Steroid and 2 Different Sites of Botulinum Toxin Injection in the Treatment of Lateral Epicondylalgia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Drug-Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"98","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.00777","article-title":"Short-Term Effect of Low-Dose, Electromyography-Guided Botulinum Toxin A Injection in the Treatment of Chronic Lateral Epicondylar Tendinopathy: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Study","volume":"100","author":"Petit","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, A.G., D\u00edaz, G.V., Fern\u00e1ndez, B.R., and De Vargas, C.E.R. (2019). 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