{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:49Z","timestamp":1788998449172,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salivary glands tumors are uncommon neoplasms with variable incidence, heterogenous histologies and unpredictable biological behaviour. Most tumors are located in the parotid gland. Benign salivary tumors represent 54\u201379% of cases and pleomorphic adenoma is frequently diagnosed in this group. Salivary glands malignant tumors that are more commonly diagnosed are adenoid cystic carcinomas and mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Because of their diversity and overlapping features, these tumors require complex methods of evaluation. Diagnostic procedures include imaging techniques combined with clinical examination, fine needle aspiration and histopathological investigation of the excised specimens. This narrative review describes the advances in the diagnosis methods of these unusual tumors\u2014from histomorphology to artificial intelligence algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14060727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T03:49:28Z","timestamp":1717559368000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Current Developments in Diagnosis of Salivary Gland Tumors: From Structure to Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexandra Corina","family":"Faur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embriology, \u201dVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7476-6584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Buza\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Advanced Research in Cardiovascular Pathology and Hemostaseology, \u201dVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian Emil","family":"L\u0103z\u0103rescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embriology, \u201dVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5326-5438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Andreea","family":"Ghenciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Sciences, \u201dVictor Babe\u0219\u201dUniversity of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14641","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in salivary biomarker discovery and validation for oral diseases","volume":"30","author":"Adeoye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-012-0594-6","article-title":"Salivary gland tumors in Turkey: Demographic featureas and histopathological distribution","volume":"65","author":"Kizil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolarygol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-012-0350-9","article-title":"Salivary gland carcinomas","volume":"16","author":"Ettl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-012-0220-5","article-title":"Salivary gland cancers: Biology and molecular targets fos therapy","volume":"14","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.13331","article-title":"Second edition of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology: Refining the role of salivary gland FNA","volume":"35","author":"Rossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-009-0139-9","article-title":"Salivary gland tumor: A review of 599 cases in a Brasilian population","volume":"3","author":"Duarte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2009.03.017","article-title":"Prognostic factors in malignant tumours of the salivary glands","volume":"47","author":"Speight","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpdhp.2020.01.001","article-title":"Salivary gland tumors: Diagnostic challenges and an update on the latest WHO classification","volume":"26","author":"Speight","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"212","article-title":"Tumours of the salivary glands: Introduction","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Barnes","year":"2005","journal-title":"World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology & Genetics. Head and Neck Tumours"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(99)70323-2","article-title":"Incidence rates of salivary gland tumors: Results from a population-based study","volume":"120","author":"Pinkston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2004.01.010","article-title":"PCNA, Ki67 and p53 expressions in submandibular salivary gland tumors","volume":"33","author":"Alves","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-010-0259-0","article-title":"Management of malignant parotid tumors","volume":"16","author":"Papadogeorgakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e626","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.24634","article-title":"Sublingual gland neoplasms: Clinicopathological study of 8 cases","volume":"26","author":"Gontarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580141","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.580141","article-title":"Salivary Gland Carcinoma: Novel Targets to Overcome Treatment Resistance in Advanced Disease","volume":"10","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishida, H., Kusaba, T., Kawamura, K., Oyama, Y., and Daa, T. (2023). Histopathological Aspects of the Prognostic Factors for Salivary Gland Cancers. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.37247\/PACR3ED.3.23.4"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-022-01420-1","article-title":"Update from the 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of the head and neck Tumors: Salivary glands","volume":"16","author":"Skalova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-017-0795-0","article-title":"Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Clasiffication of Head and Neck Tumours: Tumors of te Salivary Gland","volume":"11","author":"Seethala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2018-0422-SA","article-title":"Data Set for the Reporting of Carcinomas of the Major Salivary Glands: Explanations and Recommendations of the Guidelines from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting","volume":"143","author":"Seethala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-023-08110-w","article-title":"Salivary gland pathologies: Evolution in classification and association with unique genetic alterations","volume":"280","author":"Fus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12901","article-title":"An update on head and neck cancer: New entities and their histopathology, molecular background, treatment, and outcome","volume":"127","author":"Andreasen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-009-0102-9","article-title":"An update on grading of salivary gland carcinomas","volume":"3","author":"Seethala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-015-0645-x","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and Immunophenotypic Characterization of 25 Cases of Acinic Cell Carcinoma with High-Grade Transformation","volume":"10","author":"Thompson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-019-01064-8","article-title":"High Grade Transformation in Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Minor Salivary Gland with Polyploidy of the Rearranged MAML2 Gene","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896912468153","article-title":"Dedifferentiated epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma: Analysis of a rare entity based on a case report and literature review","volume":"21","author":"Baker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1827.2003.01536.x","article-title":"Dedifferentiated malignant myoepithelioma of the parotid gland","volume":"53","author":"Ogawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/pin.13100","article-title":"High-grade salivary gland carcinoma with the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion: A case report and literature review of secretory carcinoma with high-grade transformation","volume":"71","author":"Asai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-013-0460-1","article-title":"Low-grade salivary duct carcinoma or low-grade intraductal carcinoma? Review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Kuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Barnes, L., Eveson, J.W., Reichart, P., and Sindransky, D. (2005). World Health Organisation Classification of Tumors: Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumors, IARC."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.12019","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of salivary gland tumors: Application for surgical pathology practice","volume":"45","author":"Nagao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-2269","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Detection of Proliferative Marker Ki-67 in Benign and Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors","volume":"19","author":"Bussari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2007.02719.x","article-title":"Advances in salivary gland pathology","volume":"51","author":"Cheuck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2007.02728.x","article-title":"CK7+\/CK20-immunoexpesion profile is typical of salivary gland neoplasia","volume":"51","author":"Meer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800064","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratins 7 and 20 in malignant salivary gland tumors","volume":"17","author":"Nikitakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4103\/ijabmr.ijabmr_813_21","article-title":"An Immunohistochemical Expression of CK5\/6, CK7, and CK20 on Cell Blocks in Metastatic Cervical Lymphadenopathy","volume":"12","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-013-0442-3","article-title":"GATA3 immunohistochemical expression in salivary gland neoplasms","volume":"7","author":"Schwartz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-002-0705-y","article-title":"Expression profiles of p53, p63 and p73 in benign salivary gland tumors","volume":"441","author":"Weber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-007-0003-8","article-title":"Distinctive pattern of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactive useful in distinguishing fregmented pleomorphic adenoma, canalicular adenoma and polymorphous lowgrade adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands","volume":"1","author":"Curran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2009.99","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein in tumor types with cartilaginous differentiation","volume":"22","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"339","article-title":"Diagnostic role of DOG-1, GFAP and B-catenin in Basal cell Adenoma and Cellular Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Salivary Gland","volume":"17","year":"2023","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-6-89","article-title":"Maspin and MCM2 immunoprofiling in salivary gland carcinomas","volume":"6","author":"Ghazy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Path"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-011-1142-6","article-title":"Increased expression of CD147 and MMP-9 is correlated with poor prognosis of salivary duct carcinoma","volume":"138","author":"Piao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325965","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/325965","article-title":"Current concepts on dedifferentiation\/high-grade transformation in salivary gland tumors","volume":"2011","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.54","article-title":"SOX10 is a novel marker of acinus and intercalated duct differentiation in salivary gland tumors: A clue to the histogenesis for tumor diagnosis","volume":"26","author":"Ohtomo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2016.05.021","article-title":"SOX10-positive salivary gland tumors: A growing list, including mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland, sialoblastoma, low-grade salivary duct carcinoma, basal cell adenoma\/adenocarcinoma, and a subgroup of mucoepidermoid carcinoma","volume":"56","author":"Hsieh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.34172\/joddd.2021.012","article-title":"Ki-67 expression as a diagnostic biomarker in odontogenic cysts and tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Jabbarzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2014.05.003","article-title":"A review: Immunological markers for malignant salivary gland tumors","volume":"4","author":"Namboodiripad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2018.05.002","article-title":"Outcomes and prognostic factors for parotid acinic cell Carcinoma: A National Cancer Database study of 2362 cases","volume":"82","author":"Scherl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24259","article-title":"Clinical and pathologic prognostic features in acinic cell carcinoma of the parotid gland","volume":"115","author":"Gomez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-012-0403-2","article-title":"P63 expression can be used in differential diagnosis of salivary gland acinic cell and mucoepidermoid carcinomas","volume":"7","author":"Sams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3880525","article-title":"Salivary gland neoplasia: A review for the practicing pathologist","volume":"15","author":"Zarbo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-021-01331-7","article-title":"Microsecretory Adenocarcinoma of Salivary Glands: An Expanded Series of 24 Cases","volume":"15","author":"Bishop","year":"2021","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31825485c5","article-title":"Tumors with EWSR1-CREB1 and EWSR1-ATF1 fusions: The current status","volume":"36","author":"Thway","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-016-0705-x","article-title":"Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome and Phenotypic Variants: An Update","volume":"10","author":"Kazakov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22678","article-title":"The 2021 ASCO guideline on the management of salivary gland malignancy endorses FNA biopsy and the risk stratification scheme proposed by the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology","volume":"131","author":"Pusztaszeri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"126","article-title":"The Milan System for reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology and Updates","volume":"3930","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8832","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58892-0","article-title":"Clinical decision making when cytology indicates a Warthin tumor","volume":"14","author":"Aro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, P.C., Lo, W.C., Chang, C.M., Wen, M.H., Cheng, P.W., and Liao, L.J. (2022). Comparisons among the Ultrasonography Prediction Model, Real-Time and Shear Wave Elastography in the Evaluation of Major Salivary Gland Tumors. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102488"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634452","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.634452","article-title":"The Role of Preoperative Computed Tomography Radiomics in Distinguishing Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Parotid Gland","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632104","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.632104","article-title":"Deep Learning for Differentiating Benign from Malignant Parotid Lesions on MR Images","volume":"11","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82455-2","article-title":"Differentiating malignant from benign salivary gland lesions: A multiparametric non-contrast MR imaging approach","volume":"11","author":"Takumi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minamimoto, R. (2021). Proliferation PET\/CT Imaging of Salivary Gland Tumor. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11112065"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262790","article-title":"The Added Value of 68Ga-FAPI PET\/CT in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer of Unknown Primary with 18F-FDG-Negative Findings","volume":"63","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854658","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.854658","article-title":"FAPI-PET\/CT in Cancer Imaging: A Potential Novel Molecule of the Century","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2007.0008","article-title":"Imaging of salivary gland tumours","volume":"7","author":"Thoeny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Committeri, U., Barone, S., Salzano, G., Arena, A., Borriello, G., Giovacchini, F., Fusco, R., Vaira, L.A., Scarpa, A., and Abbate, V. (2023). Support Tools in the Differential Diagnosis of Salivary Gland Tumors through Inflammatory Biomarkers and Radiomics Metrics: A Preliminary Study. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061876"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2019.12.007","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in digital breast pathology: Techniques and applications","volume":"49","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s13014-020-01721-1","article-title":"Strategies to improve deep learning-based salivary gland segmentation","volume":"15","author":"Dahele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-021-00919-2","article-title":"Digital pathology and artificial intelligence in translational medicine and clinical practice","volume":"35","author":"Baxi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12633","article-title":"Prediction of Recurrence by Machine Learning in Salivary Gland Cancer Patients after Adjuvant (Chemo)Radiotherapy","volume":"35","author":"Valentini","year":"2021","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19388","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76389-4","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of deep-learning with anomaly detection for a small amount of imbalanced data: Discriminating malignant parotid tumors in MRI","volume":"10","author":"Matsuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, I., Kang, K., Song, Y., and Kim, T.J. (2022). Application of Artificial Intelligence in Pathology: Trends and Challenges. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112794"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pertzborn, D., Arolt, C., Ernst, G., Lechtenfeld, O.J., Kaesler, J., Pelzel, D., Guntinas-Lichius, O., von Eggeling, F., and Hoffmann, F. (2022). Multi-Class Cancer Subtyping in Salivary Gland Carcinomas with MALDI Imaging and Deep Learning. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14174342"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, Y.J., Huang, T.Y., Liu, Y.J., Chung, H.W., and Juan, C.J. (2021). Classification of parotid gland tumors by using multimodal MRI and deep learning. NMR Biomed., 34.","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4408"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/jpi.jpi_82_18","article-title":"Introduction to Digital Image Analysis in Whole-slide Imaging: A White Paper from the Digital Pathology Association","volume":"10","author":"Aeffner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Inform."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.5334\/jbsr.1596","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced Multi-detector CT Examination of Parotid Gland Tumors: Determination of the Most Helpful Scanning Delay for Predicting Histologic Subtypes","volume":"103","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Belg. Soc. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0093-RA","article-title":"Central pathology review for phase III clinical trials: The enabling effect of virtual microscopy","volume":"137","author":"Mroz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/cjp2.127","article-title":"The use of digital pathology and image analysis in clinical trials","volume":"5","author":"Pell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2019.12.31","article-title":"Introduction to digital pathology and computer-aided pathology","volume":"54","author":"Nam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcma.2012.02.006","article-title":"Shrinkage of head and neck cancer specimens after formalin fixation","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000933","article-title":"Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma: Frequent Morphologic and Molecular Evidence of Preexisting Pleomorphic Adenoma, Common HRAS Mutations in PLAG1-intact and HMGA2-intact Cases, and Occasional TP53, FBXW7, and SMARCB1 Alterations in High-grade Cases","volume":"42","author":"Udager","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabezas-Camarero, S., and P\u00e9rez-Segura, P. (2022). Liquid Biopsy in Head and Neck Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspective on Squamous Cell, Salivary Gland, Paranasal Sinus and Nasopharyngeal Cancers. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14122858"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01543-7","article-title":"Liquid biopsy: A step closer to transform diagnosis, prognosis and future of cancer treatments","volume":"21","author":"Lone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bocchetti, M., Grisolia, P., Melisi, F., Ferraro, M.G., De Luca, P., Camaioni, A., Falco, M., Abate, M., Misso, G., and Alfano, R. (2022). MicroRNAs\u2019 Crucial Role in Salivary Gland Cancers\u2019 Onset and Prognosis. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14215304"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5813","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S321225","article-title":"The Role and Application of Salivary Exosomes in Malignant Neoplasms","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1412","article-title":"Advances in the Treatment of Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Sama","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mueller, S.K., Haderlein, M., Lettmaier, S., Agaimy, A., Haller, F., Hecht, M., Fietkau, R., Iro, H., and Mantsopoulos, K. (2022). Targeted Therapy, Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy and Novel Treatment Options for Different Subtypes of Salivary Gland Cancer. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11030720"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000429","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Advanced Salivary Gland Carcinoma: Findings of the Phase 1b KEYNOTE-028 Study","volume":"41","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha, C.H., Luo, S.D., Chiang, P.L., Chen, W.C., Tung, Y.C., Su, Y.Y., and Lin, W.C. (2021). Long-Term Outcomes of Radiofrequency Ablation for Treatment of Cystic Warthin Tumors versus Solid Warthin Tumors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126640"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quer, M., Hernandez-Prera, J.C., Silver, C.E., Casasayas, M., Simo, R., Vander Poorten, V., Guntinas-Lichius, O., Bradley, P.J., Tong-Ng, W., and Rodrigo, J.P. (2021). Current Trends and Controversies in the Management of Warthin Tumor of the Parotid Gland. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11081467"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919088","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.919088","article-title":"Using deep learning to distinguish malignant from benign parotid tumors on plain computed tomography images","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-22-950","article-title":"A deep learning model for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant salivary gland tumors based on ultrasound imaging and clinical data","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"8192999","article-title":"The Diagnostic Value of Ultrasound-Based Deep Learning in Differentiating Parotid Gland Tumors","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2009.2034865","article-title":"Histopathological image analysis: A review","volume":"2","author":"Gurcan","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/6\/727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:53:50Z","timestamp":1760108030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/6\/727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["life14060727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14060727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]}}}