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This hypothesis was verified using an in vitro hardness test. The hardness of feces supplemented with glucosylceramide was significantly lower than that of the control. Based on these results, a new working hypothesis of dietary glucosylceramide was conceived: glucosylceramide passes through the small intestine, interacts with intestinal bacteria, increases the tolerance of these bacteria toward secondary bile acids, and decreases the hardness of feces, and these factors synergistically result in in vivo effects. This hypothesis forms the basis for further studies on the health benefits and functions of dietary glucosylceramides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14060739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T08:05:17Z","timestamp":1717747517000},"page":"739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Decrease in the Hardness of Feces with Added Glucosylceramide Extracted from Koji In Vitro\u2014A Working Hypothesis of Health Benefits of Dietary Glucosylceramide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Huanghuang","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Hariwitonang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Advanced Health Sciences, Saga University, 1, Honjo-cho, Saga City 840-8502, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nao","family":"Fujiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Advanced Health Sciences, Saga University, 1, Honjo-cho, Saga City 840-8502, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chihiro","family":"Moriguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Advanced Health Sciences, Saga University, 1, Honjo-cho, Saga City 840-8502, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuto","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Advanced Health Sciences, Saga University, 1, Honjo-cho, Saga City 840-8502, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumio","family":"Ebara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1, Honjo-Cho, Saga City 840-8502, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeki","family":"Inaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1, Honjo-Cho, Saga City 840-8502, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumiyoshi","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1, Honjo-Cho, Saga City 840-8502, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kitagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24, Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Kagoshima, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1, Honjo-Cho, Saga City 840-8502, Saga, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4327\/jsnfs.66.177","article-title":"Digestion and Absorption of Sphingolipids as Functional Food Components","volume":"66","author":"Sugawara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nippon. 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