{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T16:14:02Z","timestamp":1780330442861,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009337","name":"Saitama Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-E-1-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-E-1-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The misdiagnosis of headache disorders is a serious issue, and AI-based headache model diagnoses with external validation are scarce. We previously developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-based headache diagnosis model using a database of 4000 patients\u2019 questionnaires in a headache-specializing clinic and herein performed external validation prospectively. The validation cohort of 59 headache patients was prospectively collected from August 2023 to February 2024 at our or collaborating multicenter institutions. The ground truth was specialists\u2019 diagnoses based on the initial questionnaire and at least a one-month headache diary after the initial consultation. The diagnostic performance of the AI model was evaluated. The mean age was 42.55 \u00b1 12.74 years, and 51\/59 (86.67%) of the patients were female. No missing values were reported. Of the 59 patients, 56 (89.83%) had migraines or medication-overuse headaches, and 3 (5.08%) had tension-type headaches. No one had trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias or other headaches. The models\u2019 overall accuracy and kappa for the ground truth were 94.92% and 0.65 (95%CI 0.21\u20131.00), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F values for migraines were 98.21%, 66.67%, 98.21%, and 98.21%, respectively. There was disagreement between the AI diagnosis and the ground truth by headache specialists in two patients. This is the first external validation of the AI headache diagnosis model. Further data collection and external validation are required to strengthen and improve its performance in real-world settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14060744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T12:11:00Z","timestamp":1718107860000},"page":"744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Preliminary External Validation Results of the Artificial Intelligence-Based Headache Diagnostic Model: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mariko","family":"Okada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0192-5430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahito","family":"Katsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education and Health Center, Nagaoka University of Technology, Niigata 940-2137, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9146-7770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomokazu","family":"Shimazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Neuropsychiatric Institute, Saitama 338-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2678-6956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takao","family":"Takeshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Tominaga Hospital, Osaka 556-0017, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Mitsufuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4434-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuo","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Ohbayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohbayashi Clinic, Tochigi 321-0933, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8745-0391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noboru","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka 420-0853, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Miyahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Tominaga Hospital, Osaka 556-0017, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Matsumori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sendai Headache and Neurology Clinic, Sendai 982-0014, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Nakazato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eri","family":"Hoshino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Neuropsychiatric Institute, Saitama 338-8577, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1171-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshimasa","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-021-00305-9","article-title":"Burden of Migraine in Japan: Results of the ObserVational Survey of the Epidemiology, TReatment, and Care Of MigrainE (OVERCOME [Japan]) Study","volume":"11","author":"Matsumori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. 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