{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:14:26Z","timestamp":1792520066229,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":231,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is the most frequently reported cause of years lived with disability. Identifying the anatomical structures or dysfunction contributing to patients\u2019 symptoms is critical to guiding treatment. The etiology of back pain and differential diagnosis is often broad, ranging from non-degenerative cLBP (trauma, tumor, inflammation, infection, etc.) to degenerative (also described as nonspecific) cLBP. After eliminating suspicion for more insidious causes of cLBP, a thorough investigation can be conducted in an attempt to identify a source of degenerative cLBP. Degenerative cLBP can originate from many sources, and a detailed understanding of the structures potentially involved is invaluable for an accurate diagnosis. This review article aims to provide a broad overview of the utility of clinical history, physical exam findings, imaging findings, and diagnostic procedures in identifying the cause of patients\u2019 cLBP. We provide a framework to help guide clinicians by dividing the structures into groups as follows: anterior vertebral column, posterior vertebral column, and extra-vertebral pain. For each condition listed, we touch on the treatment options that can be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14070812","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T13:26:43Z","timestamp":1719494803000},"page":"812","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Chronic Low Back Pain: History, Symptoms, Pain Mechanisms, and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tyler","family":"Farley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spine Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Stokke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spine Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4848-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kush","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spine Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"DeMicco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spine Health, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30970-9","article-title":"Non-specific low back pain","volume":"389","author":"Maher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392, 1789\u20131858. Erratum in: Lancet 2019, 393, e44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31047-5.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31047-5"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30489-6","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of low back pain: Evidence, challenges, and promising directions","volume":"391","author":"Foster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Agence Nationale d\u2019Accr\u00e9ditation et d\u2019Evaluation en Sant\u00e9 (2000). Diagnostic, Prise en Charge et Suivi des Malades Atteints de Lombalgie Chronique, ANAES."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2009\/12\/699","article-title":"Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain","volume":"12","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5505.82","article-title":"Acute back syndrome: A study from general practice","volume":"2","author":"Dillane","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00733-9","article-title":"Low back pain","volume":"398","author":"Knezevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2018.11.021","article-title":"Chronic low back pain: Relevance of a new classification based on the injury pattern","volume":"105","author":"Barrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02596337","article-title":"Cancer as a cause of back pain: Frequency, clinical presentation, and diagnostic strategies","volume":"3","author":"Deyo","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-016-4684-0","article-title":"Red flags presented in current low back pain guidelines: A review","volume":"25","author":"Verhagen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(03)00099-3","article-title":"Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain","volume":"35","author":"Carragee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Kendall, N.A., Linton, S.J., and Main, C.J. (1997). Guide to Assessing Psychosocial Yellow Flags in Acute Low Back Pain: Risk Factors for Long-Term Disability and Work Loss, Accident Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance Corporation of New Zealand and the National Health Committee."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.10.037","article-title":"Symptoms of depression as a prognostic factor for low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J. Off. J. N. Am. Spine Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.04.006","article-title":"Guideline summary review: An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain","volume":"20","author":"Kreiner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-1072-1","article-title":"Chapter 4. European guidelines for the management of chronic nonspecific low back pain","volume":"15","author":"Airaksinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: Concepts, challenges, and compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100330","article-title":"Impact of Psychological Factors in the Experience of Pain","volume":"91","author":"Linton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"257","article-title":"Disability, depression and somatization in low back pain population","volume":"9","author":"Bener","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)90027-B","article-title":"Chronic musculoskeletal pain and depressive symptoms in the general population. An analysis of the 1st National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data","volume":"43","author":"Magni","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, C., Chen, H., Guo, L., Xu, L., Liu, Q., Zhang, J., and Hu, X. (2022). Prevalence and factors associated with comorbid depressive symptoms among people with low back pain in China: A cross-sectional study. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.922733"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002595","article-title":"Depression is Closely Associated With Chronic Low Back Pain in Patients Over 50 Years of Age: A Cross-sectional Study Using the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-2)","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.02.009","article-title":"Chronic low back pain and the risk of depression or anxiety symptoms: Insights from a longitudinal twin study","volume":"17","author":"Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00010-6","article-title":"Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of low-back pain and related disability with psychological distress among patients enrolled in the UCLA Low-Back Pain Study","volume":"56","author":"Hurwitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, H., Hurwitz, E.L., Li, J., de Luca, K., Tavares, P., Green, B., and Haldeman, S. (2023). Bidirectional Comorbid Associations between Back Pain and Major Depression in US Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20054217"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2022.100413","article-title":"Which psychosocial factors are related to severe pain and functional limitation in patients with low back pain? Psychosocial factors related to severe low back pain","volume":"26","author":"Mathieson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2018.07.012","article-title":"The Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Chronic Pain Patients in a Tertiary Care Setting: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"60","author":"Akhtar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"189","article-title":"Low back pain: Risk factors for chronicity","volume":"64","author":"Valat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Rhum. Engl. Ed."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ochsmann, E.B., Rueger, H., Letzel, S., Drexler, H., and Muenster, E. (2009). Over-indebtedness and its association with the prevalence of back pain. BMC Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-451"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Department of Health Human Services FDA Center for Drug Evaluation Research, U.S. Department of Health Human Services FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation Research, and U.S. Department of Health Human Services FDA Center for Devices Radiological Health (2006). Guidance for industry: Patient-reported outcome measures: Use in medical product development to support labeling claims: Draft guidance. Health Qual. Life Outcomes, 4, 79.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-4-79"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.20.1.61","article-title":"Clinical assessment of upper extremity injury outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Thigpen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.23182","article-title":"Physical activity in daily life in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"82","author":"Verbunt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.07.005","article-title":"Daily physical activities in chronic lower back pain patients assessed with accelerometry","volume":"13","author":"Hermens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Citko, A., G\u00f3rski, S., Marcinowicz, L., and G\u00f3rska, A. (2018). Sedentary Lifestyle and Nonspecific Low Back Pain in Medical Personnel in North-East Poland. BioMed Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1965807"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-0273","article-title":"Low back pain, lifestyle factors and physical activity: A population based-study","volume":"40","author":"Hildingsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2014.00468.x","article-title":"Self-reported moderate-to-vigorous leisure time physical activity predicts less pain and disability over 12 months in chronic and persistent low back pain","volume":"18","author":"Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.017350","article-title":"Adolescent flexibility, endurance strength, and physical activity as predictors of adult tension neck, low back pain, and knee injury: A 25 year follow up study","volume":"40","author":"Mikkelsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.11.034","article-title":"Relationship between physical activity and disability in low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2011.04.350","article-title":"Do patients with chronic low back pain have an altered level and\/or pattern of physical activity compared to healthy individuals? A systematic review of the literature","volume":"98","author":"Griffin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(09)70061-3","article-title":"Individuals with chronic low back pain have a lower level, and an altered pattern, of physical activity compared with matched controls: An observational study","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. J. Physiother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215502cr463oa","article-title":"Assessment of activities of daily living with an ambulatory monitoring system: A comparative study in patients with chronic low back pain and nonsymptomatic controls","volume":"16","author":"Spenkelink","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-012-2550-x","article-title":"Prevalence and severity of insomnia in chronic low back pain patients","volume":"33","author":"Bahouq","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1661-x","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep disturbance in patients with low back pain","volume":"20","author":"Alsaadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181f3bdd5","article-title":"The association between chronic low back pain and sleep: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000055","article-title":"The bidirectional relationship between pain intensity and sleep disturbance\/quality in patients with low back pain","volume":"30","author":"Alsaadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212734","article-title":"Influence of sleep problems and co-occurring musculoskeletal pain on long-term prognosis of chronic low back pain: The HUNT Study","volume":"74","author":"Skarpsno","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2018.12.3.533","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Pain Severity in Patients with Non-specific Low Back Pain in Southern China","volume":"12","author":"Sribastav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa111","article-title":"Pain Status as a Predictor of Smoking Cessation Initiation, Lapse, and Relapse","volume":"23","author":"Ditre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17420","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.24724","article-title":"Impact of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing 25 different cancers in the UK: A retrospective study of 422,010 patients followed for up to 30 years","volume":"9","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000057","article-title":"Smoking, chronic wound healing, and implications for evidence-based practice","volume":"41","author":"McDaniel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Wound Ostomy Cont. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000101422.36419.D8","article-title":"Effect of nicotine on spinal disc cells: A cellular mechanism for disc degeneration","volume":"29","author":"Akmal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5334\/gh.1288","article-title":"The Heart of the World","volume":"19","author":"Perel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Heart."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Jamison, D.T., Breman, J.G., Measham, A.R., Alleyne, G., Claeson, M., Evans, D.B., Jha, P., Mills, A., and Musgrove, P. (2024, June 13). Cardiovascular Disease, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK11767\/."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amini, M., Zayeri, F., and Salehi, M. (2021). Trend analysis of cardiovascular disease mortality, incidence, and mortality-to-incidence ratio: Results from global burden of disease study 2017. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10429-0"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz217","article-title":"Co-occurrence of chronic musculoskeletal pain and cardiovascular diseases: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318133fb82","article-title":"Association of back pain frequency with mortality, coronary heart events, mobility, and quality of life in elderly women","volume":"32","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2017.04.007","article-title":"The Association Between Atherosclerosis and Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Shcherbina","year":"2017","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2012.07.007","article-title":"Investigating Pain in Heart Failure Patients: The Pain Assessment, Incidence, and Nature in Heart Failure (PAIN-HF) Study","volume":"18","author":"Goodlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gerinurse.2021.03.016","article-title":"Back pain and heart failure in community-dwelling older adults: Findings from the Health ABC study","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"s-0034-1376579","article-title":"Hypertension is independently associated with lumbar disc degeneration: A large-scale population-based study","volume":"4","author":"Samartzis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J. Conf. World Forum Spine Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000214889.31505.08","article-title":"Serum lipids and low back pain: An association? A follow-up study of a working population sample","volume":"31","author":"Solovieva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.971","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and low-back pain in a long-term follow-up of industrial employees","volume":"32","author":"Solovieva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000468","article-title":"Obesity as a Risk Factor for Low Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2017.10.005","article-title":"The Association among Over weight, Obesity, and Low Back Pain in U.S. Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of the 2015 National Health Interview Survey","volume":"41","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pozzobon, D., Ferreira, P.H., Dario, A.B., Almeida, L., Vesentini, G., Harmer, A.R., and Ferreira, M.L. (2019). Is there an association between diabetes and neck and back pain? A systematic review with meta-analyses. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212030"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16472","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95626-y","article-title":"Strong association of type 2 diabetes with degenerative lumbar spine disorders","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199712010-00008","article-title":"Back problems and atherosclerosis. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures","volume":"22","author":"Vogt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23268","article-title":"Pain and mortality in older adults: The influence of pain phenotype","volume":"70","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000162","article-title":"Depression and Anxiety in Heart Failure: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Celano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.06.055","article-title":"Depression in Heart Failure. A Meta-Analytic Review of Prevalence, Intervention Effects, and Associations with Clinical Outcomes","volume":"48","author":"Rutledge","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2014.07.008","article-title":"The relationship between pain, fatigue, depression and functional performance in stable heart failure","volume":"44","author":"Conley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear. Lung"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.711","article-title":"Depressive symptoms, health behaviors, and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"300","author":"Whooley","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2016.0095","article-title":"Etiology of Pain and Its Association with Quality of Life among Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"19","author":"Pantilat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000141168.77393.b8","article-title":"MR aortography and serum cholesterol levels in patients with long-term nonspecific lower back pain","volume":"29","author":"Kauppila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2007.12.001","article-title":"Pineal gland calcification, lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and abdominal aorta calcifying atherosclerosis correlate in low back pain subjects: A cross-sectional observational CT study","volume":"15","author":"Turgut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7553.1302","article-title":"Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"332","author":"Kearney","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69666-9","article-title":"Cardiovascular outcomes with etoricoxib and diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the Multinational Etoricoxib and Diclofenac Arthritis Long-term (MEDAL) programme: A randomised comparison","volume":"368","author":"Cannon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.10.1247","article-title":"Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: The CLASS Study: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"284","author":"Silverstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809502901214","article-title":"Adverse interactions between warfarin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: Mechanisms, clinical significance, and avoidance","volume":"29","author":"Chan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2010.01.013","article-title":"Combined exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy improves outcomes in patients with heart failure","volume":"69","author":"Gary","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/32.3.216","article-title":"A clinical and radiological study of back pain in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Helliwell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-130393","article-title":"Low back pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical characteristics and impact of low back pain on functional ability and health related quality of life","volume":"26","author":"Baykara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.08.011","article-title":"Impact of low back pain on functional limitations, depressed mood and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"127","author":"Kothe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-05938-x","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with dysfunctional low back pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"28","author":"Miura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Level of radiographic damage and radiographic progression are determinants of physical function: A longitudinal analysis of the TEMPO trial","volume":"67","author":"Landewe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000475","article-title":"Epidemiology of axial spondyloarthritis: An update","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"79","article-title":"Update on Axial Spondyloarthritis","volume":"119","author":"Winkler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2012.868","article-title":"The correlation between microvessel pathological changes of the endplate and degeneration of the intervertebral disc in diabetic rats","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2012.04.007","article-title":"Early spondyloarthritis","volume":"38","author":"Poddubnyy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000402","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis classification criteria: The debate continues","volume":"29","author":"Dubreuil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38954.689583.DE","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"333","author":"McVeigh","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes\u2014Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220948035","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus-A Risk Factor for the Development of Lumbar Disc Degeneration: A Retrospective Study of an Indian Population","volume":"12","author":"Kakadiya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2003.11.001","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disor-ders in diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Arkkila","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2015.9.2.155","article-title":"Effect of high glucose on stress-induced senescence of nucleus pulposus cells of adult rats","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2022.100446","article-title":"Epidemiology of spinal metastases, metastatic epidural spinal cord compression and pathologic vertebral compression fractures in patients with solid tumors: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Cornips","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2004.04.018","article-title":"Metastatic spine disease: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and evaluation of patients","volume":"15","author":"Perrin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"(2008). Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression: Diagnosis and Management of Patients at Risk of or with Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression, National Collaborating Centre for Cancer (UK)."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Ziu, E., Viswanathan, V.K., and Mesfin, F.B. (2024, June 08). Spinal Metastasis. [Updated 14 August 2023], StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK441950\/."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"vdae051","article-title":"Contemporary trends in the incidence and timing of spinal metastases: A population-based study","volume":"6","author":"Shakil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurooncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19971015)80:8+<1628::AID-CNCR13>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Radiation for bone metastases: Conventional techniques and the role of systemic radiopharmaceuticals","volume":"80","author":"Janjan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta17420","article-title":"A systematic review of evidence on malignant spinal metastases: Natural history and technologies for identifying patients at high risk of vertebral fracture and spinal cord compression","volume":"17","author":"Sutcliffe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"24","article-title":"Bone Metastasis: Concise Overview","volume":"32","author":"Chin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fed Pract."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s13669-017-0187-1","article-title":"Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Management","volume":"6","author":"Parasar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Obstet. Gynecol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Brott, N.R., and Le, J.K. (2024). Mittelschmerz. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Patti, L., and Leslie, S.W. (2024). Acute Renal Colic. [Updated 2024 Jun 6]. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"165","article-title":"Chronic prostatitis: Current treatment options","volume":"11","author":"Pirola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Urol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000646","article-title":"Pain management in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Roy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.358","article-title":"A practical approach to the treatment of depression in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease","volume":"81","author":"Hedayati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30488-4","article-title":"Low back pain: A call for action","volume":"391","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.01045.x","article-title":"What is the source of chronic low back pain and does age play a role?","volume":"12","author":"DePalma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.22603\/ssrr.2016-0018","article-title":"Sensory nerve ingrowth, cytokines, and instability of discogenic low back pain: A review","volume":"2","author":"Ohtori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine Surg. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.06.075","article-title":"Innervation of pathologies in the lumbar vertebral end plate and intervertebral disc","volume":"14","author":"Fields","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1347298","article-title":"The role of the vertebral end plate in low back pain","volume":"3","author":"Lotz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06448-x","article-title":"Long-term outcomes following intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: 5-year treatment arm results from a prospective randomized double-blind sham-controlled multi-center study","volume":"29","author":"Fischgrund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.1.3336678","article-title":"Degenerative disk disease: Assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging","volume":"166","author":"Modic","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.03.019","article-title":"Modic changes and associated features in Southern European chronic low back pain patients","volume":"11","author":"Arana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheng-Yun, L., Letu, S., Jian, C., Mamuti, M., Jun-Hui, L., Zhi, S., Chong-Yan, W., Shunwu, F., and Zhao, F. (2014). Comparison of modic changes in the lumbar and cervical spine, in 3167 patients with and without spinal pain. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114993"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herlin, C., Kjaer, P., Espeland, A., Skouen, J.S., Leboeuf-Yde, C., Karppinen, J., Niinim\u00e4ki, J., S\u00f8rensen, J.S., Storheim, K., and Jensen, T.S. (2018). Modic changes-their associations with low back pain and activity limitation: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200677"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03839-w","article-title":"Modic changes as seen on MRI are associated with nonspecific chronic lower back pain and disability","volume":"18","author":"Czaplewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31822ef700","article-title":"Degenerative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain","volume":"36","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd Isa, I.L., Teoh, S.L., Mohd Nor, N.H., and Mokhtar, S.A. (2022). Discogenic Low Back Pain: Anatomy, Pathophysiology and Treatments of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010208"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3109\/17453675908988632","article-title":"Measurement of intradiscal pressure","volume":"28","author":"Nachemson","year":"1959","journal-title":"Acta Orthop."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199206000-00008","article-title":"An improved method of stature measurement for quantitative determination of spinal loading. Application to sitting postures and whole body vibration","volume":"17","author":"Althoff","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J.Q., Kwong, W.H., Chan, Y.L., and Kawabata, M. (2022). Comparison of in vivo Intradiscal Pressure between Sitting and Standing in Human Lumbar Spine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.37766\/inplasy2022.3.0043"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.10.022","article-title":"Lifting up and laying down a weight causes high spinal loads","volume":"46","author":"Rohlmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2006.03.003","article-title":"Lumbar spine reposition sense: The effect of a \u2018slouched\u2019 posture","volume":"11","author":"Dolan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Man. Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"209","article-title":"Frequency of use of discography findings for the diagnosis of low back pain of discogenic origin. Systematic review of the literature","volume":"68","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Cir. Ortop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.06.051","article-title":"Does provocative discography cause clinically important injury to the lumbar intervertebral disc? A 10-year matched cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Cuellar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.01.021","article-title":"A randomized placebo-controlled trial of intradiscal methylene blue injection for the treatment of chronic discogenic low back pain","volume":"149","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001475","article-title":"A multicenter randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of intradiscal methylene blue injection for chronic discogenic low back pain: The IMBI study","volume":"160","author":"Kallewaard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-008-0004-7","article-title":"Intradiscal electrothermal therapy, percutaneous discectomy, and nucleoplasty: What is the current evidence?","volume":"12","author":"Freeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-003-0616-x","article-title":"Effect of nutrient deprivation on the viability of intervertebral disc cells","volume":"13","author":"Bibby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2023.08.023","article-title":"A hydrogel reservoir as a self-contained nucleus pulposus cell delivery vehicle for immunoregulation and repair of degenerated intervertebral disc","volume":"170","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.015","article-title":"The effectiveness of intradiscal biologic treatments for discogenic low back pain: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Schneider","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)30933-0","article-title":"Arthrography of the joints of the lumbar vertebral arches","volume":"8","author":"Glover","year":"1977","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Bogduk, N. (1997). Clinical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine and Sacrum, Churchill Livingstone. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM191103161641101","article-title":"The lumbosacral articulation: An explanation of many cases of lumbago, sciatica, and paraplegia","volume":"164","author":"Goldthwaite","year":"1911","journal-title":"Boston. Med. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/17453676308999829","article-title":"The anatomical basis for low back pain: Studies on the presence of sensory nerve endings in ligamentous, capsular and intervertebral disc structures in the human lumbar spine","volume":"33","author":"Hirsch","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta. Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"145","article-title":"The tensile strength of the capsular ligaments of the apophyseal joints","volume":"132","author":"Cyron","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198409000-00005","article-title":"Mechanism of facet load transmission as a hypothesis for low-back pain","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.140.1.6454162","article-title":"Arthrography of the lumbar facet joints","volume":"140","author":"Dory","year":"1981","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809150-00011","article-title":"Capacity of the clinical picture to characterize low back pain relieved by facet joint anesthesia: Proposed criteria to identify patients with painful facet joints","volume":"23","author":"Revel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Tang, H., Lin, J., and Zeng, R. (2023). Temporal trends in the disease burden of osteoarthritis from 1990 to 2019, and projections until 2030. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288561"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-062117-120924","article-title":"Facet Joints of the Spine: Structure-Function Relationships, Problems and Treatments, and the Potential for Regeneration","volume":"20","author":"Paschos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E869","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E869","article-title":"An update of the systematic assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks","volume":"15","author":"Falco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2001\/4\/308","article-title":"Evaluation of the relative contributions of various structures in chronic low back pain","volume":"4","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa383","article-title":"The Prevalence of \u201cPure\u201d Lumbar Zygapophysial Joint Pain in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain","volume":"22","author":"MacVicar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-1811-y","article-title":"Is hybrid imaging (SPECT\/CT) a useful adjunct in the management of suspected facet joints arthropathy?","volume":"37","author":"Matar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/35.12.1269","article-title":"The value of SPECT scans in identifying back pain likely to benefit from facet joint injection","volume":"35","author":"Dolan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Rheum."},{"key":"ref_151","first-page":"85","article-title":"Current concepts in evaluation of the lumbar facet joints","volume":"21","author":"Carrera","year":"1984","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Diagn. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"291","article-title":"Nuclear imaging as a screening test for patients referred for intraarticular facet block","volume":"35","author":"Raymond","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Can. Assoc. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"824","article-title":"Facet joint block for low back pain: Identifying predictors of a good response","volume":"73","author":"Revel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2003.07.008","article-title":"Human lumbar facet joint capsule strains, I. During physiological motions","volume":"4","author":"Lanuzzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2003.07.002","article-title":"Human lumbar facet joint capsule strains: I.I. Alteration of strains subsequent to anterior interbody fixation","volume":"4","author":"Little","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"258","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of the Kemp\u2019s test: A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Stuber","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Can. Chiropr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2019-101243","article-title":"Consensus practice guidelines on interventions for lumbar facet joint pain from a multispecialty, international working group","volume":"45","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/WNQ.0b013e3181a32e8b","article-title":"On the rational use of diagnostic blocks for spinal pain","volume":"19","author":"Bogduk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Quart."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90199-6","article-title":"The false-positive rate of uncontrolled diagnostic blocks of the lumbar zygapophysial joints","volume":"58","author":"Schwarzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-000-0016-4","article-title":"The diagnostic validity and therapeutic value of lumbar facet joint nerve blocks with or without adjuvant agents","volume":"4","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Rev. Pain."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3410\/M2-57","article-title":"On diagnostic blocks for lumbar zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"2","author":"Bogduk","year":"2010","journal-title":"F1000 Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4637.2000.99104.x","article-title":"Controlled zygapophysial joint blocks: The travesty of cost-effectiveness","volume":"1","author":"Bogduk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/834369","article-title":"Radiofrequency ablation for chronic low back pain: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"19","author":"Leggett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag. J. Can. Pain Soc."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200107010-00003","article-title":"Radiofrequency facet joint denervation in the treatment of low back pain: A placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess efficacy","volume":"26","author":"Leclaire","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.05.006","article-title":"The efficacy of conventional radiofrequency denervation in patients with chronic low back pain originating from the facet joints: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spine J. Off. J. N. Am. Spine Soc."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"CD008572","article-title":"Radiofrequency denervation for chronic low back pain","volume":"2015","author":"Maas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.7918","article-title":"Effect of Radiofrequency Denervation on Pain Intensity Among Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: The Mint Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"318","author":"Juch","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"E87","article-title":"Pain-Free Survival after Endoscopic Rhizotomy Versus Radiofrequency for Lumbar Facet Joint Pain: A Real-World Comparison Study","volume":"25","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"681","article-title":"Lumbar Facet Joint Syndrome. A Randomised Clinical Trial","volume":"71","author":"Lilius","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bone Jt. J."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199110033251405","article-title":"A Controlled Trial of Corticosteroid Injections into Facet Joints for Chronic Low Back Pain","volume":"325","author":"Carette","year":"1991","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199404143301504","article-title":"Lack of Effect of Intraarticular Corticosteroids for Chronic Pain in the Cervical Zygapophyseal Joints","volume":"330","author":"Barnsley","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny225","article-title":"Intra-articular Steroids vs. Saline for Lumbar Z-Joint Pain: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Kennedy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_173","unstructured":"Greater Manchester Combined Authority (2024, April 20). Greater Manchester EUR Policy Statement on: Facet Joint Injections for Neck and Back Pain. GM Ref: GM070. Available online: http:\/\/northwestcsu.nhs.uk\/BrickwallResource\/GetResource\/d5f134e0-aab1-4be3-9475-3f973f126423."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E497","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2015\/18\/E497","article-title":"A Best-Evidence Systematic Appraisal of the Diagnostic Accuracy and Utility of Facet (Zygapophysial) Joint Injections in Chronic Spinal Pain","volume":"18","author":"Boswell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz349","article-title":"Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Lumbar Medial Branch Thermal Radiofrequency Neurotomy, Stratified for Diagnostic Methods and Procedural Technique","volume":"21","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200406010-00010","article-title":"Biomechanical role of lumbar spine ligaments in flexion and extension: Determination using a parallel linkage robot and a porcine model","volume":"29","author":"Gillespie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-009-1431-2","article-title":"Gymnastics injuries and imaging in children","volume":"39","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3109\/00016923309132353","article-title":"On the Spinous Processes of the Lumbar Vertebrae and the Soft Tissues between Them, and on Pathological Changes in That Region","volume":"14","author":"Baastrup","year":"1933","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"e1449","article-title":"Baastrup\u2019s Disease, Interspinal Bursitis, and Dorsal Epidural Cysts: Radiologic Evaluation and Impact on Treatment Options","volume":"9","author":"Hatgis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01403600","article-title":"Kissing spines: Fact or fancy?","volume":"100","author":"Beks","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/549","article-title":"Fluoroscopically-guided injections to treat \u201ckissing spine\u201d disease","volume":"11","author":"Lamer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.05.033","article-title":"Interspinous ligament steroid injections for the management of Baastrup\u2019s disease: A case report","volume":"88","author":"Mitra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-014-0376-7","article-title":"Baastrup\u2019s disease (kissing spines syndrome): A pictorial review","volume":"6","author":"Filippiadis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1533","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1533","article-title":"Non-spinal low back pain: Global epidemiology, trends, and risk factors","volume":"6","author":"Shokri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2018.11.10","article-title":"Imaging of sacroiliitis: Current status, limitations and pitfalls","volume":"9","author":"Tsoi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S59437","article-title":"Sacroiliac joint pain: Burden of disease","volume":"7","author":"Cher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Devices"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-79-8-380","article-title":"Incidence of sacroiliac joint malalignment in leg length discrepancies","volume":"79","author":"Schuit","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med Assoc."},{"key":"ref_188","first-page":"124","article-title":"Gait analysis of sacroiliac joint patients","volume":"17","author":"Herzog","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol Ther."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658601400414","article-title":"Exercise-related stress reaction of the sacroiliac joint: An unusual cause of low back pain in athletes","volume":"14","author":"Marymont","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"476","article-title":"Sacroiliac dislocation and scoliosis","volume":"35","author":"Schoenberger","year":"1964","journal-title":"Hippokrates"},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"505","article-title":"Prognosis in four syndromes of pregnancy-related pelvic pain","volume":"80","author":"Albert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_192","first-page":"71","article-title":"Low back pain during pregnancy","volume":"71","author":"Berg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200302000-00015","article-title":"The sacroiliac joint: A potential cause of pain after lumbar fusion to the sacrum","volume":"16","author":"Katz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord. Tech."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199805010-00009","article-title":"Unilateral hip rotation range of motion asymmetry in patients with sacroiliac joint regional pain","volume":"23","author":"Cibulka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2019.03.030","article-title":"Radiographic prevalence of sacroiliac joint abnormalities and clinical outcomes in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2003\/6\/287","article-title":"Sacroiliac arthrograms and post-arthrography computerized tomography","volume":"6","author":"Fortin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(00)90080-7","article-title":"Sacroiliac joint pain referral zones","volume":"81","author":"Slipman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199407000-00010","article-title":"Sacroiliac joint: Pain referral maps upon applying a new injection\/arthrography technique. Part I: Asymptomatic volunteers","volume":"19","author":"Fortin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"477","article-title":"The Fortin finger test: An indicator of sacroiliac pain","volume":"26","author":"Fortin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E367","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2018.4.E367","article-title":"The validity and reliability of provocation test in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"Telli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"255","article-title":"Validity of Physical Exam Maneuvers in the Diagnosis of Sacroiliac Joint Pathology","volume":"21","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2021.10469","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Clusters of Pain Provocation Tests for Detecting Sacroiliac Joint Pain: Systematic Review with Meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Saueressig","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz059","article-title":"Success Rate of Intra-articular Sacroiliac Joint Injection: Fluoroscopy vs. Ultrasound Guidance-A Cadaveric Study","volume":"20","author":"Stelzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E713","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2015\/18\/E713","article-title":"Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic effectiveness of sacroiliac joint interventions","volume":"18","author":"Simopoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E319","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/E319","article-title":"A modified approach to grading of evidence","volume":"17","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"ref_206","first-page":"100269","article-title":"The therapeutic effectiveness of fluoroscopically guided intra-articular sacroiliac joint injections in patients with sacroiliac joint dysfunction, an observational study","volume":"2","author":"Kristoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Interv. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-15-00063","article-title":"Management of Sacroiliac Joint Pain","volume":"26","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.2217\/rme-2022-0211","article-title":"Efficacy of platelet-rich plasma for sacroiliac joint dysfunction: A qualitative systematic review with pooled analysis","volume":"18","author":"Goodwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.09.094","article-title":"Outcomes After Minimally Invasive Sacroiliac Joint Fusion: A Scoping Review","volume":"168","author":"Mehkri","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.01.005","article-title":"Minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion for chronic sacroiliac joint pain: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-200297","article-title":"Maigne syndrome\u2014A potentially treatable yet underdiagnosed cause of low back pain: A review","volume":"35","author":"Randhawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02098698","article-title":"The lateral cutaneous branches of the dorsal rami of the thoraco-lumbar junction","volume":"11","author":"Maigne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-014-0139-7","article-title":"Prospective study of superior cluneal nerve disorder as a potential cause of low back pain and leg symptoms","volume":"9","author":"Kuniya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199404000-00013","article-title":"The relative contributions of the disc and zygapophyseal joint in chronic low back pain","volume":"19","author":"Schwarzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644.11","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.644.11","article-title":"An Anatomical Exploration of the Structures Associated with Low Back Pain Caused by Maigne\u2019s Syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Georgetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_216","unstructured":"Maigne, R., and Nieves, W.L. (2008). Diagnosis and Treatment of Pain of Vertebral Origin, Koonja. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frisch, H. (1983). Programmierte Untersuchung des Bewegungsapparates, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-22669-8"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33999","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033999","article-title":"Acupuncture for patients with Maigne\u2019s syndrome: A case series","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02116856","article-title":"Influence of the erect posture on the development of the lumbosacral region","volume":"9","author":"Pun","year":"1987","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-022-03070-y","article-title":"Anatomy and morphology of iliolumbar ligament","volume":"45","author":"Ciszek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg. Radiol. Anat."},{"key":"ref_221","first-page":"734","article-title":"Trigger point of the posterior iliac crest: Painful iliolumbar ligament or cutaneous dorsal ramus pain? An anatomical study","volume":"72","author":"Maigne","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(96)90123-1","article-title":"The role of the iliolumbar ligament in low back pain","volume":"46","author":"Sims","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_223","first-page":"503","article-title":"Lombalgie localis\u00e9e au niveau de la cr\u00eate iliaque post\u00e9rieure [Posterior iliac crest low back pain]","volume":"78","author":"Janssen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Liege."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.4103\/ijri.IJRI_382_19","article-title":"Recovering from nonspecific low back pain despair: Ultrasound-guided intervention in iliolumbar syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Nayak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Radiol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.8827","article-title":"Changes in Structure and Function of the Back Muscles in Low Back Pain: Different Time Points, Observations, and Mechanisms","volume":"49","author":"Hodges","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53486-6.00032-6","article-title":"Functional anatomy of the spine","volume":"136","author":"Bogduk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Handb Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matheve, T., Hodges, P., and Danneels, L. (2023). The Role of Back Muscle Dysfunctions in Chronic Low Back Pain: State-of-the-Art and Clinical Implications. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12175510"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12738","article-title":"Muscle Control and Non-specific Chronic Low Back Pain","volume":"21","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20140014","article-title":"Predicting response to motor control exercises and graded activity for patients with low back pain: Preplanned secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"94","author":"Macedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092197","article-title":"A review of the specificity of exercises designed for conditioning the lumbar extensors","volume":"49","author":"Steele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilligan, C., Volschenk, W., Russo, M., Green, M., Gilmore, C., Mehta, V., Deckers, K., De Smedt, K., Latif, U., and Sayed, D. (2024). Five-Year Longitudinal Follow-up of Restorative Neurostimulation Shows Durability of Effectiveness in Patients with Refractory Chronic Low Back Pain Associated with Multifidus Muscle Dysfunction. Neuromodulation.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2024.01.006"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/7\/812\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:05:58Z","timestamp":1760108758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/7\/812"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"references-count":231,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["life14070812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14070812","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]}}}