{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:04:27Z","timestamp":1791993867917,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cRicerca Corrente\u201d funding scheme of the Italian Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past 15 years, the paradigm of viewing the upper and lower airways as a unified system has progressively shifted the approach to chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs). As the global prevalence of CRDs continues to increase, it becomes evident that acknowledging the presence of airway pathology as an integrated entity could profoundly impact healthcare resource allocation and guide the implementation of pharmacological and rehabilitation strategies. In the era of precision medicine, endotyping has emerged as another novel approach to CRDs, whereby pathologies are categorized into distinct subtypes based on specific molecular mechanisms. This has contributed to the growing acknowledgment of a group of conditions that, in both the upper and lower airways, share a common type 2 (T2) inflammatory signature. These diverse pathologies, ranging from allergic rhinitis to severe asthma, frequently coexist and share diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic strategies targeting common molecular pathways. Thus, T2 inflammation may serve as a unifying endotypic trait for the upper and lower airways, reinforcing the practical significance of the united airways model. This review aims to summarize the literature on the role of T2 inflammation in major CRDs, emphasizing the value of common biomarkers and integrated treatment strategies targeting shared molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14070899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T13:12:57Z","timestamp":1721394777000},"page":"899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Endotyping Chronic Respiratory Diseases: T2 Inflammation in the United Airways Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9398-0428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Ambrosino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Scientific Directorate of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9211-5523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Marcuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Raffio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Formisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5888-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Candia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7493-5954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Manzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fleming Clinical Laboratory, 81020 Casapulla, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4342-962X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Germano","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6189-5328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ennio","family":"Lubrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6690-1408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costantino","family":"Mancusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6751-9921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Maniscalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101936","article-title":"Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019: An update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"59","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1479972313516881","article-title":"The impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related fears on disease-specific disability","volume":"11","author":"Keil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chron. 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