{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T07:17:37Z","timestamp":1760426257920,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UCL Biological Mass Spectrometry centre"},{"name":"Szeban Peto Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proteomics studies often explore phenotypic differences between whole organs and systems. Within the heart, more subtle variation exists. To date, differences in the underlying proteome are only described between whole cardiac chambers. This study, using the bovine heart as a model, investigates inter-regional differences and assesses the feasibility of measuring detailed, cross-tissue variance in the cardiac proteome. Using a bovine heart, we created a two-dimensional section through a plane going through two chambers. This plane was further sectioned into 4 \u00d7 4 mm cubes and analysed using label-free proteomics. We identified three distinct proteomes. When mapped to the extracted sections, the proteomes corresponded largely to the outer wall of the right ventricle and secondly to the outer wall of the left ventricle, right atrial appendage, tricuspid and mitral valves, modulator band, and parts of the left atrium. The third separate proteome corresponded to the inner walls of the left and right ventricles, septum, and left atrial appendage. Differential protein abundancies indicated differences in energy metabolism between regions. Data analyses of the mitochondrial proteins revealed a variable pattern of abundances of complexes I\u2013V between the proteomes, indicating differences in the bioenergetics of the different cardiac sub-proteomes. Mapping of disease-associated proteins interestingly showed desmoglein-2, for which defects in this protein are known to cause Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia\/Cardiomyopathy, which was present predominantly in the outer wall of the left ventricle. This study highlights that organs can have variable proteomes that do not necessarily correspond to anatomical features.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14080970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T15:26:53Z","timestamp":1722526013000},"page":"970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Proof of Principle 2D Spatial Proteome Mapping Analysis Reveals Distinct Regional Differences in the Cardiac Proteome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wendy E.","family":"Heywood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Searle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Collis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Doykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ashworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Sebire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Bamber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histopathology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Gautel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Muscle Signalling Section, King\u2019s College, London WC2E 2LS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0892-9204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3208-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline J.","family":"Coats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3383-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perry M.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK"},{"name":"Barts Heart Centre, and the Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases Unit, St Bartholomew\u2019s Hospital, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0763-8288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13302","article-title":"A draft map of the human proteome","volume":"509","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.R600007-MCP200","article-title":"Proteomics-based development of biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: Mechanistic, clinical, and therapeutic insights","volume":"5","author":"Mayr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. 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