{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:23:08Z","timestamp":1760145788544,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Domp\u00e9 Farmaceutici S.p.A"},{"name":"Fondazione Umberto Veronesi"},{"name":"PRID2018-University of Padova"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been evident that women and young people were less susceptible to severe infections compared to males. In a previous study, we observed a reduced prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in hormonal-driven breast cancer patients undergoing SERM (selective estrogen receptor modulator) therapy with respect to other treatments inhibiting estrogen synthesis. In addition to being used in anticancer therapy, SERMs are also prescribed for postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Therefore, in this study, a retrospective analysis of the clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections in a population of women over 50 years who were treated for the management of menopausal symptoms was performed. SARS-CoV-2 infections, hospitalizations, and death rates were evaluated in women residing in the Italian north-eastern Veneto Region who were undergoing treatment with Estrogen Modulators (EMs); Estrogen or Progestin, and their combination (EPs); Bisphosphonates (BIs); or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) \u00b1 calcium supplementation (CC). The final cohort study included 124,393 women, of whom 6412 were found to be SARS-CoV-2 infected (CoV2+ve). The results indicated that only women treated with vitamin D3 alone or in combination with calcium showed a significant reduction in their SARS-CoV-2 infection risk by 26% (OR 0.74; 95%CI 0.60\u20130.91). On the other hand, an increased risk of hospitalization (OR 2.69; 95%CI 1.77\u20134.07) was shown for the same treatments. The results highlighted in this work contribute to shedding some light on the widely debated role of vitamin D in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the disease\u2019s treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14091107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T04:06:41Z","timestamp":1725336401000},"page":"1107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrospective Analysis of the Effect of Postmenopausal Women Medications on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Progression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0350-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Cocetta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6025-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Zorzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veneto Tumour Registry, Azienda Zero, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Bejor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4847-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Candida","family":"Cesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Domp\u00e9 Farmaceutici S.p.A, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"De Pizzol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Domp\u00e9 Farmaceutici S.p.A, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0111-5937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Theurillat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, 6500 Bellinzona & Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana (USI), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0617-0233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Allegretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Domp\u00e9 Farmaceutici S.p.A, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Alimonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, 6500 Bellinzona & Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana (USI), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"},{"name":"VIMM-Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, 35129 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6182-4132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Montopoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, 6500 Bellinzona & Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera Italiana (USI), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland"},{"name":"VIMM-Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Foundation for Advanced Biomedical Research, 35129 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Rugge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veneto Tumour Registry, Azienda Zero, 35131 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. 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