{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:54:48Z","timestamp":1787500488540,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI20\/00740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI20\/00740"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study is to compare macular sensitivity and retinal thickness in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) without diabetic retinopathy (DR) after 5 years of follow-up. Thirty-two eyes from 32 long-term DM1 patients without DR were included. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including microperimetry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The data were compared with results from 5 years prior. The mean age of the DM1 patients was 43.19 \u00b1 10.17 years, with a mean disease duration of 29.84 \u00b1 8.98 years and good glycemic control. In 2023, patients exhibited a significantly worse best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) compared to 2018 (p &lt; 0.001). DM1 patients did not show statistically significant changes in macular sensitivity over the 5-year follow-up period. Macular integrity showed significant differences between the two time points (p = 0.045). Retinal thickness showed significant differences, particularly in inner retinal layers (IRL) across most of the ETDRS areas. Long-term DM1 patients without DR lesions showed worsened macular integrity and a lower BCVA in 2023. Additionally, they displayed significant alterations in retinal thicknesses, especially in the IRL, between 2018 and 2023. These findings suggest that even in the absence of visible DR, long-term DM1 patients may experience subclinical retinal changes and functional deterioration over time, highlighting the importance of regular monitoring for the early detection and management of potential complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14091152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]],"date-time":"2024-09-12T02:30:23Z","timestamp":1726108223000},"page":"1152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tracking Macular Sensitivity and Inner Retinal Thickness in Long-Term Type 1 Diabetes: A Five-Year Prospective Examination in Patients without Diabetic Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1234-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guisela","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Espinosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2710-1875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira","family":"Orduna-Hospital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6184-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Sope\u00f1a-Pinilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4756-8362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Arias-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0798-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Boned-Murillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Mediterranean Foundation (FOM), 46015 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6134-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"D\u00edaz-Barreda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Virgen de la Luz Hospital, 16002 Cuenca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5621-1937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0349-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Pinilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1018-9078","article-title":"Definition, Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"127","author":"Petersmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. 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