{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:50:37Z","timestamp":1790477437902,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Lithuanian University of Health Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. is a plant from the Asteraceae family that is commonly used in traditional medicine. The purpose of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of phenolic compounds found in ethanol and dry extracts of C. vulgare leaves, inflorescence, and roots during various phenological stages. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside and chlorogenic acid were identified in practically all C. vulgare extracts. Extracts from leaves collected at the end of the phenological dormancy period and in the first growing year had the highest antioxidant (cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity of 12,938 Trolox equivalents\/g dry weight) and antimicrobial activity (against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida albicans) with MIC values of ethanol extract from 16.7 mg\/mL to 8.35 mg\/mL. These extracts included a high concentration of chlorogenic acid and apigenin-7-O-glucoside. Also, dry extracts from C. vulgare roots and inflorescences showed a higher antimicrobial effect compared to ethanolic extracts with MIC values from 5.57 mg\/mL to 3 mg\/mL. The study emphasizes the critical role of phenological stages and raw material composition in the accumulation of phenolic compounds and their biological activity in C. vulgare. The findings suggest that extracts from C. vulgare leaves, especially those collected at the end of the phonological dormancy period, are promising candidates for further research into bioactive compounds with potential medicinal applications. The strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties of these extracts highlight their potential for development into natural pharmaceutical products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14091191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T07:38:57Z","timestamp":1726817937000},"page":"1191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effect of the Phenological Stage on the Phenolic Composition, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5986-7346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urte","family":"Griskeviciene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justina","family":"Dambrauskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Chemistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindaugas","family":"Marksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaneta","family":"Mazeliene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimanta","family":"Vainoriene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vilnius University Siauliai Academy Botanical Garden, LT-77175 Siauliai, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liudas","family":"Ivanauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.3390\/chemistry4040079","article-title":"Traditional Uses, Phytochemical Composition, Pharmacological Properties, and the Biodiscovery Potential of the Genus Cirsium","volume":"4","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.5530\/pc.2021.3.32","article-title":"Spear Thistle (Cirsium vulgare L.) and Ramsons (Allium Ursinum L.), Impressive Health Benefits and High-Nutrient Medicinal Plants","volume":"11","author":"Shahrajabian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. 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