{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:13:44Z","timestamp":1785554024601,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"E.S.","award":["RFO 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFO 2023"]}]},{"name":"Cristalfarma Srl, Via San Giuseppe Cottolengo","award":["RFO 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFO 2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a digestive disorder that can lead to chronic mucosal damage, causing esophagitis, Barrett\u2019s esophagus and esophageal cancer. GERD currently affects about 13% of the world\u2019s population and represent a major public health concern due to the increasing prevalence and incidence. The aim of this study was to explore complementary strategies for GERD management based the natural compound palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), alone or associated with plant extracts with demonstrated anti-GERD activity (Zingiber officinale, Musa \u00d7 paradisiaca, Opuntia ficus-indica and Olea europaea). For this purpose, two in vitro models based on the esophageal mucosa CP-B cell line were chosen. The first one was based on the exposure of esophageal cells to HCl, while the second one was based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment to cause a strong inflammatory cell response. Inflammation induced was assessed using a Luminex\u00ae assay, measuring the secretion of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8 and TNF-\u03b1. Results obtained demonstrate that PEA strongly decreased the inflammatory response elicited by HCl exposure. Moreover, the effect of PEA was enhanced by the presence of natural extracts of Zingiber officinale, Musa \u00d7 paradisiaca, Opuntia ficus-indica and Olea europaea. PEA should be considered as an anti-GERD natural compound of interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14101221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T04:01:24Z","timestamp":1727236884000},"page":"1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) for Prevention of Gastroesophageal Inflammation: Insights from In Vitro Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1870-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato","family":"Spigarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical and Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8525-2981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enzo","family":"Spisni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6364-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Vinciguerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4388-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria Maria","family":"Saracino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1338-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolas Kostantine","family":"Dussias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical and Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8184-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Filippone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Valerii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21573","article-title":"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease","volume":"324","author":"Markar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313589","article-title":"Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: A meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Eusebi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2015.02.006","article-title":"Physiology and pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"95","author":"Mikami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. 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