{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T07:36:36Z","timestamp":1782545796277,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3R01GM085075-09A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3R01GM085075-09A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review, we introduce the concept of cell competition, which occurs between heterogeneous neighboring cell populations. Cells with higher relative fitness become \u201cwinners\u201d that outcompete cells of lower relative fitness (\u201closers\u201d). We discuss the idea of super-competitors, mutant cells that expand at the expense of wild-type cells. Work on adult stem cells (ASCs) has revealed principles of neutral competition, wherein ASCs can be stochastically lost and replaced, and of biased competition, in which a winning ASC with a competitive advantage replaces its neighbors. Germline stem cells (GSCs) are ASCs that are uniquely endowed with the ability to produce gametes and, therefore, impact the next generation. Mechanisms of GSC competition have been elucidated by studies in Drosophila gonads, tunicates, and the mammalian testis. Competition between ASCs is thought to underlie various forms of cancer, including spermatocytic tumors in the human testis. Paternal age effect (PAE) disorders are caused by de novo mutations in human GSCs that increase their competitive ability and make them more likely to be inherited, leading to skeletal and craniofacial abnormalities in offspring. Given its widespread effects on human health, it is important to study GSC competition to elucidate how cells can become winners or losers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14101251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T05:26:33Z","timestamp":1727760393000},"page":"1251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mechanisms of Germline Stem Cell Competition across Species"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3043-4056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Hodge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5997-4489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika A.","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.079129","article-title":"Cell competition: How to eliminate your neighbours","volume":"141","author":"Amoyel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev167486","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.167486","article-title":"Cell competition: The winners and losers of fitness selection","volume":"146","author":"Bowling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/416755a","article-title":"Cells compete for decapentaplegic survival factor to prevent apoptosis in Drosophila wing development","volume":"416","author":"Moreno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.106.061929","article-title":"Genes affecting cell competition in Drosophila","volume":"175","author":"Tyler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-020-00627-0","article-title":"Proteotoxic stress is a driver of the loser status and cell competition","volume":"23","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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