{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:34:38Z","timestamp":1791909278032,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidade de Bras\u00edlia","award":["R$ 8.500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R$ 8.500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to count Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli in different locations on pig carcasses (shank, loin, abdomen, shoulder, and jowl) from two slaughterhouses (A and B) between September 2019 and July 2021 during different slaughter stages (after bleeding, after passing through the epilator machine, after manual toileting in the dirty area, before and after evisceration, and after the final washing), as well as verify antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation capacity. The main points of Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli contamination were identified in the two slaughterhouses through three collections. The stages with the highest counts were post-bleeding and evisceration in both slaughterhouses and after manual toileting in slaughterhouse B in the first collection. Most E. coli isolates were resistant to multiple antimicrobials, with higher resistance frequencies to amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and streptomycin. The virulence genes eae, stx1, and stx2 were also detected. Three isolates had all three genes and exhibited resistance to at least six antimicrobial classes (\u03b2-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, amphenicols, and quinolones). E. coli isolates also showed a high frequency of strains with moderate and strong in vitro biofilm-forming capacity. This is the first study to characterize microbial contamination by pig slaughter stage in the Federal District region, demonstrating the critical points for hygienic production. E. coli was isolated from the surface of pig carcasses, as well as the virulence genes stx1, stx2, and eae were detected. The multi-antimicrobial resistant isolates also had a moderate-to-strong biofilm formation capacity, thus demonstrating risks to public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14101261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T03:36:03Z","timestamp":1727926563000},"page":"1261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae Counts, Virulence Gene Profile, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Biofilm Formation Capacity during Pig Slaughter Stages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Madalena Maria Saldanha","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4406-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia Fernanda Agostinho","family":"Davanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca Lavarini","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virg\u00edlio Hip\u00f3lito de Lemos","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayanna Maria Boaventura","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4883-1076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno St\u00e9fano Lima","family":"Dallago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0929-5859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Perecmanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4969-9831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela Patr\u00edcia","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), Federal District, Bras\u00edlia 70910-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Prote\u00edna Animal (2020, February 03). 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