{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T13:06:44Z","timestamp":1765976804713,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23-15-00357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-15-00357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are known to frequently suffer from comorbid cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). There are abundant data on cytokine levels and their role in the pathogenesis of SLE, while growth factors have received much less attention. The aim of this study was to analyze growth factor levels in SLE patients and their association with the presence of comorbid CVDs. The serum concentrations for the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), nerve growth factor \u03b2 (NGF\u03b2), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and neuregulin-1 \u03b2 (NRG-1\u03b2) were determined in the SLE patients (n = 35) and healthy individuals (n = 38) by a Luminex multiplex assay. The NGF\u03b2 and NRG-1\u03b2 concentrations were shown to be significantly higher in the total group of SLE patients (median [Q1\u2013Q3]: 3.6 [1.3\u20134.5] and 52.5 [8.5\u2013148], respectively) compared with the healthy individuals (2.9 [1.3\u20133.4] and 13.7 [4.4\u201342] ng\/mL, respectively). The GM-CSF and GDNF levels did not differ. Interestingly, elevated NRG-1\u03b2 levels were associated with the presence of CVDs, as SLE patients with CVDs had significantly higher NRG-1\u03b2 levels (99 [22\u2013242]) compared with the controls (13.7 [4.4\u201342]) and patients without CVDs (19 [9\u201380] ng\/mL). The model for the binary classification of SLE patients with and without CVDs based on the NRG-1\u03b2 level had an average predictive ability (AUC = 0.67). Thus, altered levels of growth factors may be associated with comorbid CVDs in SLE patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14101305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T12:44:31Z","timestamp":1728909871000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Blood Growth Factor Levels in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: High Neuregulin-1 Is Associated with Comorbid Cardiovascular Pathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1084-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny A.","family":"Ermakov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Melamud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2955-9057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiia S.","family":"Boiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 634014 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7078-323X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana A.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Addictology and Psychotherapy Department, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexey E.","family":"Sizikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Immunology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630099 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4988-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgy A.","family":"Nevinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2556-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina N.","family":"Buneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac610","article-title":"The Global Epidemiology of SLE: Narrowing the Knowledge Gaps","volume":"62","author":"Barber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41632","article-title":"Prevalence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the United States: Estimates From a Meta-Analysis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Lupus Registries","volume":"73","author":"Izmirly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203320984845","article-title":"Incidence and Prevalence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus among Korean Women in Childbearing Years: A Nationwide Population-Based Study","volume":"30","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.186","article-title":"New Insights into the Immunopathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Tsokos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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