{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:43:24Z","timestamp":1791945804686,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most essential procedures for individuals with biliopancreatic disorders is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). It is based on the combination of endoscopy and radiology to study the biliopancreatic ducts and apply therapeutic solutions. ERCP is currently used to treat choledocholithiasis with or without cholangitis, as well as pancreatic duct stones, benign bile, and pancreatic leaks. On the other hand, ERCP is an unpleasant procedure that must be conducted under anesthetic (moderate sedation, deep sedation, or general anesthesia). With procedures becoming more challenging, the role of anesthesia in ERCP has become even more relevant, and the use of general anesthesia has become better defined. In the last decades, many drugs have been used and some new drugs, like dexmedetomidine, have been recently introduced for sedation or anesthesia during ERCP. Moreover, the scientific community is still divided on the level of sedation to be applied, as well as on appropriate airway management. We therefore performed a narrative review of the literature to assess currently available anesthetic medications for elective ERCP and evidence supporting their effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14101306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]],"date-time":"2024-10-15T08:09:08Z","timestamp":1728979748000},"page":"1306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Moderate Sedation or Deep Sedation for ERCP: What Are the Preferences in the Literature?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4988-333X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppinella","family":"Melita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1661-6171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo Francesco","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Socrate","family":"Pallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4909-0436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Endrit","family":"Shahini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS \u201cSaverio de Bellis\u201d, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vitello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. Elia-Raimondi Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Sinagra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele Giglio, 90015 Cefal\u00f9, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2107-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Facciorusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Teresa","family":"Mazzeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Human Pathology Department, University of Messina, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arup","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6929-4276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jahnvi","family":"Dhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9277-5086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayanta","family":"Samanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4992-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello Fabio","family":"Maida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Umberto I Hospital, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200645090-00001","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of medications used for moderate sedation","volume":"45","author":"Gan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. 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