{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:43:20Z","timestamp":1791290600108,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH-NHLBI","award":["2R15HL143545-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R15HL143545-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has established use as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose and treatment for pulmonary conditions and nephropathy. It plays a role in regulating oxidative stress and interacting with various cytokines including IL-1\u03b2, TNF\u03b1, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, and NF-\u03baB p65. The overexpression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is believed to contribute to chronic pain states by inducing inflammation and accelerating disease progression, favoring pain persistence in neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain conditions. Through a comprehensive review, we aim to explore the mechanisms and inflammatory pathways through which NAC may manage neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain. Evidence suggests NAC can attenuate neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain through mechanisms such as inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and enhancing glutamate transport. Additionally, NAC may synergize with opioids and other pain medications, potentially reducing opioid consumption and enhancing overall pain management. Further research is needed to fully elucidate its therapeutic potential and optimize its use in pain management. As an adjuvant therapy, NAC shows potential for chronic pain management, offering significant benefits for public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14111361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T12:04:22Z","timestamp":1729685062000},"page":"1361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Mechanism and Inflammatory Markers Involved in the Potential Use of N-acetylcysteine in Chronic Pain Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mona","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelie","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanna","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5323-4609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia L.","family":"Monroe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vigilant Anesthesiology, PA, Tampa, FL 33193, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-1160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishwanath","family":"Venketaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab042","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of N-Acetylcysteine for the Management of Chronic Pain in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Mohiuddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S105892","article-title":"A review of chronic pain impact on patients, their social environment and the health care system","volume":"9","author":"Ojeda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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