{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T06:11:29Z","timestamp":1778393489582,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of combined essential oils (EOs) is a new technique that can improve their preservative effects while minimizing their sensory impact in foods. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical profile of three essential oils (EOs) extracted from Lavandula stoechas L. (Ls), Thymus zygis L. (Tz), and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh (Ec) and to evaluate their synergistic antibacterial activity for optimal inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus using an augmented Simplex centroid mixing scheme. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed via gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. Anti-bacterial potency was evaluated by disk diffusion. Chemical analysis revealed the main compounds in Lavandula stoechas (Ls) essential oil: camphor (36.15%), followed by fenchone (16.57%) and Z-8-hydroxy linalool (8.28%). The Thymus zygis (Tz) essential oil is dominated by \u03b4-terpineol (27.64%), \u03b4-3-carene (15.7%), and thymol (14.17%). In contrast, the Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Ec) essential oil contains mainly 1,8-cineole (43.61%), \u03b3-terpinene (11.71%), and \u03b1-terpineol (10.58%). The optimal mixture is the binary association of 40% E. camaldulensis EO and 60% T. zygis EO, which provides an effective inhibition diameter (ID) of 13.37 mm to inhibit S. aureus. Furthermore, the formulation of 27% and 73% EOs of E. camaldulensis and T. zygis, respectively, corresponds to the mixture required to achieve the optimum inhibition diameter (ID = 11.55 mm) against E. coli. In addition, the mixture of 29% EO of E. camaldulensis and 71% EO of T. zygis is the optimum mixture to inhibit B. subtilis, with an inhibition diameter of 12.31 mm. These findings highlight the potency of antibacterial formulations of these essential oils and suggest that they might be used as substitutes for conventional drugs to prevent the development of bacteria responsible for serious infections and food spoilage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14111424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T05:30:53Z","timestamp":1730784653000},"page":"1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessing the Optimal Antibacterial Action of Lavandula stoechas L., Thymus zygis L., and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh Essential Oils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3572-8055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farah","family":"Aabouch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant, Animal Productions and Agro-Industry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ibn-Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"},{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Chemistry of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Forest Research Center, BP 763, Agdal, Rabat 10050, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4055-1179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saoussan","family":"Annemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1983-7279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Badr","family":"Satrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Chemistry of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Forest Research Center, BP 763, Agdal, Rabat 10050, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Ettaleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Chemistry of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Forest Research Center, BP 763, Agdal, Rabat 10050, Morocco"},{"name":"Botany, Mycology and Environment Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat 10050, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5102-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorisation of Natural Resources (LBCVNR), Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mehraz, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdallah University, BP 1796, Atlas, Fes 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ghanmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Office for Agricultural Consultation, BP 6672, Rabat 10050, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0456-3196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelaaty Abdelaziz","family":"Shahat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0502-8649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravish","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Seed Science and Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdellah","family":"Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, BP 2202, Fes 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ouajdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology and Chemistry of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Forest Research Center, BP 763, Agdal, Rabat 10050, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamila","family":"Dahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant, Animal Productions and Agro-Industry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Ibn-Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112569","article-title":"Synergistic antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of some selected medicinal plants in combination and with synthetic compounds","volume":"154","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bag, A., and Chattopadhyay, R.R. (2015). Evaluation of synergistic antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy of essential oils of spices and herbs in combination. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131321"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2019.05.032","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and evidence for synergism of Cannabis sativa (L.) essential oil with antimicrobial standards","volume":"137","author":"Nafis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Gebaly, A.S., Sofy, A.R., Hmed, A.A., and Youssef, A.M. (2024). Combination of nanoparticles (NPs) and essential oils (EOs) as promising alternatives to non-effective antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agents: A review. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 57.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2024.103067"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-020-00818-0","article-title":"Antibacterial activity and mechanism of three isomeric terpineols of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum leaf oil","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2017.05.004","article-title":"Thyme essential oils from Spain: Aromatic profile ascertained by GC\u2013MS, and their antioxidant, anti-lipoxygenase and antimicrobial activities","volume":"26","author":"Cutillas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"4","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of an endemic plant in Morocco, Artemisia mesatlantica","volume":"81","author":"Bencheqroun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. R. Sci. Li\u00e8ge"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022","article-title":"Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods a review","volume":"94","author":"Burt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2023.108472","article-title":"Simplex-centroid design as innovative approach in the optimization of antimicrobial effect of Thymus satureioides, Myrtus communis and Artemisia herba alba essential oils against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida tropicalis","volume":"247","author":"Chraibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"e02296","article-title":"Molecular, biomedical and phytosanitary biodiversity of Lavandula stoechas: A vulnerable and underexploited medicinal plant in Morocco","volume":"25","author":"Jaouani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chograni, H., Riahi, L., and Messaoud, C. (2021). Variability of qualitative and quantitative secondary metabolites traits among wild genetic resources of Lavandula stoechas L.. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 98.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2021.104327"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.03.088","article-title":"Lavandula stoechas essential oil from Spain: Aromatic profile determined by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry, antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory bioactivities","volume":"73","author":"Carrasco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"895","article-title":"Chemical composition and antifungal activity of lavender (Lavandula stoechas) oil","volume":"13","author":"Starovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2007.07.040","article-title":"Comparing the Effect of Sub-Critical Water Extraction with Conventional Extraction Methods on the Chemical Composition of Lavandula Stoechas","volume":"74","author":"Giray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.37962\/jpps.v8i1.361","article-title":"Pharmacological Evaluation of Lavandula stoechas L. for Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Ulcer","volume":"8","author":"Javed","year":"2020","journal-title":"RADS J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2018.64.14.1","article-title":"Metabolic profile and biological activities of Lavandula stoechas L.","volume":"64","author":"Karan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2017.10.003","article-title":"Lavandula stoechas essential oil from Morocco as novel source of antileishmanial, Journal Pre-proof 15 antibacterial and antioxidant activities","volume":"12","author":"Bouyahya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benali, T., Lemhadri, A., Harboul, K., Chtibi, H., Khabbach, A., Jadouali, S.M., Quesada-Romero, L., Louahlia, S., Hammani, K., and Ghaleb, A. (2023). Chemical Profiling and Biological Properties of Essential Oils of Lavandula stoechas L. Collected from Three Moroccan Sites: In Vitro and In Silico Investigations. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12061413"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"636","article-title":"Flore Pratique du Maroc, 2","volume":"38","author":"Fennane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trav. Inst. Sci., S\u00e9r. Bot"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouymajane, A., Filali, F.R., Ed-Dra, A., Aazza, M., Nalbone, L., Giarratana, F., and Cacciola, F. (2022). Chemical profile, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anisakicidal activities of Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis essential oil and its effect against Listeria monocytogenes. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 383.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109960"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, A.M., Martins-Gomes, C., Souto, E.B., Sch\u00e4fer, J., Santos, J.A., Bunzel, M., and Nunes, F.M. (2020). Thymus zygis subsp. zygis an endemic portuguese plant: Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9060482"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2022.06.022","article-title":"Correlation between the chemical composition and the antimicrobial properties of seven samples of essential oils of endemic Thymes in Morocco against multi-resistant bacteria and pathogenic fungi","volume":"30","author":"Drioiche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coimbra, A., Miguel, S., Ribeiro, M., Coutinho, P., Silva, L., Duarte, A.P., and Ferreira, S. (2022). Thymus zygis essential oil: Phytochemical characterization, bioactivity evaluation and synergistic effect with antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020146"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"e01434","article-title":"Chemical profile and in vitro antibacterial potential of essential oils and hydrolat extracts from aerial parts of three wild species of Moroccan Thymus","volume":"18","author":"Moukhles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/97.4.1373","article-title":"Acaricidal properties of a Chenopodium-based botanical","volume":"97","author":"Chiasson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"824","article-title":"\u00c9valuation du potentiel antifongique des huiles essentielles de Mentha pulegium et d\u2019Eucalyptus Camaldulensis dans la lutte biologique contre les champignons responsables de la d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration des pommes en conservation","volume":"80","author":"Hmiri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. De La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 R. Des Sci. De Li\u00e8ge"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.017","article-title":"Evaluation of Chenopodium ambrosioides oil as a potential source of antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity","volume":"115","author":"Kumar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.04.059","article-title":"Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antitumor activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. leaves","volume":"74","author":"Ashraf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ez-Zriouli, R., ElYacoubi, H., Imtara, H., Mesfioui, A., ElHessni, A., Al Kamaly, O., and Rochdi, A. (2023). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities and acute toxicity of Cedrus atlantica, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28072974"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3166\/phyto-2021-0299","article-title":"Antifungal, Antibacterial and Phytotoxic Activity of Essential Oil from Leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis","volume":"20","author":"Mehani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytoth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105248","article-title":"Chemical profile of leaf essential oils from four Eucalyptus species from Thailand and their biological activities","volume":"158","author":"Chahomchuen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2016-0033","article-title":"Chemical composition and biological activities of leaf and fruit essential oils from Eucalyptus camaldulensis","volume":"72","author":"Dogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Z. F\u00fcr Naturforschung C"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of the Essential Oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and E. viminalisLabill. as a Contribution to Fortify Their Insecticidal Application","volume":"15","author":"Ebadollahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"320","article-title":"Essential oil compositions and cytotoxicity from various organs of Eucalyptus camaldulensis","volume":"17","author":"Mubarak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2022.2147592","article-title":"The essential oil compositions of two Eucalyptus sp.(E. camaldulensis D ehnh. and E. torquata L. uehm.) naturalized to Cyprus","volume":"35","author":"Adediran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Hachlafi, N., Benkhaira, N., Al-Mijalli, S.H., Mrabti, H.N., Abdnim, R., Abdallah, E.M., and Fikri-Benbrahim, K. (2023). Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities of essential oils from Moroccan medicinal plants: Mentha suaveolens, Lavandula stoechas, and Ammi visnaga. Biomed. Pharmacother., 164.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114937"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Caract\u00e9risation morphologique et chimique de deux esp\u00e8ces de Lavande: Lavandula stoechas L. et L. dentata L. en Tunisie","volume":"389","author":"Souihi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annales de l\u2019INRAT"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"224","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Lavandula stoechas flowers extracted by microwave","volume":"4","author":"Sadani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Stud."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"118","article-title":"Chemical analysis and antibacterial activity of essential oils from three species of Thymus: Thymus zygis, T. algeriensis, and T. bleicherianus","volume":"83","author":"Zayyad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. De La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 R. Des Sci. De Li\u00e8ge"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2015.08.026","article-title":"Chemical composition, anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of Thymus zygis L. subsp. sylvestris (Hoffmanns. & Link) Cout. essential oil and its main compounds","volume":"12","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"423","article-title":"Chemical composition, mineral content and antioxidant capacity of phenolic extracts and essential oils of Lavandula stoechas L.","volume":"20","author":"Noureddine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Study Res. Chem. Chem. Eng. Biotechnol. Food"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-022-00795-6","article-title":"Aroma profile and fumigant toxicity of two Moroccan Lavandula species essential oils against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"42","author":"Ramzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.3390\/chemistry4040115","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of four moroccan north middle atlas medicinal plants\u2019 essential oils: Rosmarinus officinalis L., Mentha pulegium L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus zygis subsp. gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales","volume":"4","author":"Gourich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinkovi\u0107, J., \u0106ulafi\u0107, D.M., Nikoli\u0107, B., \u0110ukanovi\u0107, S., Markovi\u0107, T., Tasi\u0107, G., and Markovi\u0107, D. (2020). Antimicrobial potential of irrigants based on essential oils of Cymbopogon martinii and Thymus zygis towards in vitro multispecies biofilm cultured in ex vivo root canals. Arch. Oral Biol., 117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2020.104842"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9875","DOI":"10.1021\/ie501301u","article-title":"Coupled extraction and dynamic headspace techniques for the characterization of essential oil and aroma fingerprint of Thymus species","volume":"53","author":"Teixeira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"43","article-title":"Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil obtained by co-distillation of Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis from Burkina Faso","volume":"12","author":"Bonzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hydro-distilled and supercritical fluid extraction of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil: Characterization of bioactives along with antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities","volume":"20","author":"Abbas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"413","article-title":"Chemical composition and antifeedant activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Callistemon viminalis on Tribolium confusum","volume":"13","author":"Hamzavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Agric. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20240050","DOI":"10.1515\/chem-2024-0050","article-title":"Wild Thymus zygis L. ssp. gracilis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.: Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils","volume":"22","author":"Aabouch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakoubi, R., Megateli, S., Sadok, T.H., Bensouici, C., and Ba\u011fci, E. (2021). A synergistic interactions of Algerian essential oils of Laurus nobilis L., Lavandula stoechas L. and Mentha pulegium L. on anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 31.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2020.101891"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"64","article-title":"Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from three Moroccan species (Lavandula mairei Humbert, Lavandula dentata L. and, Lavandula stoechas L.)","volume":"33","author":"Ghanimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lazaroa"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"60","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oil and its Fractions of Lavandula stoechas L. From Morocco","volume":"8","author":"Bousta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuki\u0107, M.D., \u010cmikov\u00e1, N., Hsouna, A.B., Saad, R.B., Garzoli, S., Schwarzov\u00e1, M., and Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1, M. (2023). Thymus zygis, Valuable Antimicrobial (In Vitro and In Situ) and Antibiofilm Agent with Potential Antiproliferative Effects. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12233920"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"139","article-title":"Comparison of Essential Oil Yield, Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Leaf: Conventional Distillation versus Emerging Superheated Steam Distillation","volume":"19","author":"Saleh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"111352","article-title":"Antimicrobial combined action of Mentha pulegium, Ormenis mixta and Mentha piperita essential oils against S. aureus, E. coli and C. tropicalis: Application of mixture design methodology","volume":"145","author":"Chraibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yap, P.S.X., Yusoff, K., Lim, S.-H.E., Chong, C.-M., and Lai, K.-S. (2021). Membrane Disruption Properties of Essential Oils\u2014A Double-Edged Sword?. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9040595"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14257","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.14257","article-title":"Application of the mixture design for optimum antimicrobial activity: Combined treatment of Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Myrtus communis, and Lavandula stoechas essential oils against Escherichia coli","volume":"43","author":"Falleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1305264","article-title":"The synergistic effect of three essential oils against bacteria responsible for the development of Lithiasis infection: An optimization by the mixture design","volume":"1","author":"Kachkoul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2017.06.002","article-title":"Combined treatment of Thymus vulgaris L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Myrtus communis L. essential oils against Salmonella typhimurium: Optimization of antibacterial activity by mixture design methodology","volume":"126","author":"Fadil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"365","article-title":"Application of simplex-centroid design methodologies to optimize the anti-bacterial and anti-candidal activity of the mixture of Menthapulegium, Pituranthos Chloranthus and Thymus Algeriensis essential oils","volume":"10","author":"Souiy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benkhaira, N., Zouine, N., Fadil, M., Koraichi, S.I., El Hachlafi, N., Jeddi, M., and Fikri-Benbrahim, K. (2023). Application of mixture design for the optimum antibacterial action of chemically-analyzed essential oils and investigation of the antiadhesion ability of their optimal mixtures on 3D printing material. Bioprinting, 34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bprint.2023.e00299"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"5593350","article-title":"Combination of Chemically-Characterized Essential Oils from Eucalyptus polybractea, Ormenis mixta, and Lavandula burnatii: Optimization of a New Complete Antibacterial Formulation Using Simplex-Centroid Mixture Design","volume":"2023","author":"Jeddi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.11.004","article-title":"Anti yeast activities of some essential oils in growth medium, fruit juices and milk","volume":"144","author":"Tserennadmid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1843","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of limonene enantiomers and 1, 8-cineole alone and in combination","volume":"22","author":"Vuuren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2004.00886.x","article-title":"Antifungal activity of Tymus oils and their major compounds","volume":"18","author":"Pinto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2017-0150","article-title":"Evaluation of Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. stoechas L., Mentha spicata L. subsp. spicata L. essential oils and their main components against sinusitis pathogens","volume":"73","author":"Karaca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Naturforschung C"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1721","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oil and its constituents from Cinnamomum longepaniculatum","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2870","article-title":"Antibacterial interactions of pulegone and 1,8-cineole with monolaurin ornisin against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"10","author":"Farhanghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutlu-Ingok, A., Devecioglu, D., Dikmetas, D.N., Karbancioglu-Guler, F., and Capanoglu, E. (2020). Antibacterial, antifungal, antimycotoxigenic, and antioxidant activities of essential oils: An updated review. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204711"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2016.10","article-title":"Antimicrobial potency of single and combined mupirocin and monoterpenes, thymol, menthol and 1, 8-cineole against Staphylococcus aureus planktonic and biofilm growth","volume":"69","author":"Kifer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duda-Madej, A., Viscardi, S., Grabarczyk, M., Topola, E., Koz\u0142owska, J., M\u0105czka, W., and Wi\u0144ska, K. (2024). Is Camphor the Future in Supporting Therapy for Skin Infections?. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17060715"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"346","article-title":"Apparatus for the determination of volatile oil","volume":"17","author":"Clevenger","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Am. Pharm. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.1994.9698403","article-title":"Calculation of Essential Oil Yield without Prior Extraction\u2014Application to the Genus Forsythia Vahl.(Oleaceae)","volume":"6","author":"Marion","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6685800","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6685800","article-title":"Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of eight plant essential oils from Morocco against Escherichia coli strains isolated from different Turkey organs","volume":"2021","author":"Jaber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Goupy, J., and Creighton, L. (2006). Introduction Aux Plans D\u2019exp\u2019eriences, Dunod."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Draper, N.R., and Smith, H. (1998). Analyse de R\u00e9gression Appliqu\u00e9e, John Wiley et fils."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/11\/1424\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:26:25Z","timestamp":1760113585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/11\/1424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["life14111424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14111424","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]}}}