{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:11:21Z","timestamp":1785363081309,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Heart failure (HF) leads to functional disability and major cardiovascular events (MACEs). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold standard for assessing aerobic capacity and prognostic stratification. This study aimed to evaluate the predischarge CPET variables in patients with acute decompensated HF and identify the submaximal CPET variables with prognostic value. (2) Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary center in Taiwan. Patients surviving their first episode of decompensated HF and undergoing predischarge CPET (February 2017 to January 2023) were analyzed. Follow-up was conducted until a MACE or administrative censoring (up to 5 years). Cox regression identified the significant predictors of MACE. (3) Results: The study included 553, 485, and 267 patients at the 3-month, 1-year, and 5-year follow-ups, respectively. MACE rates were 15.0%, 34.2%, and 50.9%. The VE\/VCO2 slope was a significant predictor of MACE at all intervals. A VE\/VCO2 slope &gt;38.95 increased the risk of MACE by 2.49-fold at 3 months and 1.81-fold at 1 year (both p &lt; 0.001). A slope &gt; 37.35 increased the 5-year MACE risk by 1.75-fold (p = 0.002). (4) Conclusions: The VE\/VCO2 slope is a significant submaximal CPET predictor of MACE in patients post-acute decompensated HF for both short- and long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14111429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T04:03:24Z","timestamp":1730865804000},"page":"1429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Minute Ventilation\/Carbon Dioxide Production Slope Could Predict Short- and Long-Term Prognosis of Patients After Acute Decompensated Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sheng-Hui","family":"Tuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Cishan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Kaohsiung 842, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5743-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Ching","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine and Cardiology Center, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei Campus, Taipei 112, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guan-Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Fen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei Campus, Taipei 112, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ko-Long","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12005","article-title":"Heart failure: Preventing disease and death worldwide","volume":"1","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3599","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab368","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"42","author":"McDonagh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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