{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:59Z","timestamp":1787028779024,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, developing countries have seen a reduction in male reproductive parameters, and it has been linked to the exposure of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are able to mimic or disrupt steroid hormone actions. Also, nanoparticles have shown effects on the male reproductive system, in particular the use of TiO2-NPs in drugs, cosmetics, and food as pigment additives, and, thanks to their small size (1\u2013100 nm), provide themselves the opportunity to be internalized by the body and pass the blood\u2013testis barrier (BTB). Therefore, TiO2-NPs can act on spermatogenesis and spermatozoa. In this study, we carried out an in vitro assay on human spermatozoa to evaluate the effects of TiO2-NPs at the concentrations of 500, 250, 100, and 50 ppm. Exposure did not statistically alter sperm parameters (e.g., motility and viability) but induced damage to sperm DNA and the expression of biomarkers by spermatozoa. This immunofluorescence investigation showed a positivity for biomarkers of stress (HSP70 and MTs) on the connecting piece of spermatozoa and also for sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) biomarkers. The SHBG protein acts as a carrier of androgens and estrogens, regulating their bioavailability; therefore, its expression in the in vitro assay did not rule out the ability of TiO2-NPs to act as endocrine disruptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14111455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T03:52:07Z","timestamp":1731297127000},"page":"1455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Susceptibility of Human Spermatozoa to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Evaluation of DNA Damage and Biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4910-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Maria","family":"Scalisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3293-728X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Pecoraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Scalisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Dragotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O. Fisiopatologia della Riproduzione Umana\u2014Clinica del Mediterraneo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Bracchitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O. Fisiopatologia della Riproduzione Umana\u2014Clinica del Mediterraneo, 97100 Ragusa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Zimbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IMM, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1402-6346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliana","family":"Impellizzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IMM, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5146-3564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Violetta","family":"Brundo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2015","article-title":"Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: Influences of environment and genetic susceptibility","volume":"96","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. 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