{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:14:51Z","timestamp":1792113291172,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) is a serious post-procedural complication of carotid artery stenting (CAS). The pathophysiological mechanisms of CHS in the absence of arterial hypertension (AH) remain only partially understood. We performed a systematic literature search of the PubMed database using the terms \u00bbcerebral hyperperfusion syndrome\u00ab, \u00bbhypotension\u00ab, \u00bbhyperperfusion\u00ab, \u00bbstroke\u00ab, \u00bbintracranial hemorrhages\u00ab, \u00bbrisk factors\u00ab, \u00bbcarotid revascularization\u00ab, \u00bbcarotid stenting\u00ab, \u00bbcarotid endarterectomy\u00ab, \u00bbblood-brain barrier\u00ab, \u00bbendothelium\u00ab, \u00bbcontrast encephalopathy\u00ab, and combinations. We present a case of a normotensive female patient who developed CHS post-CAS for symptomatic carotid stenosis while being hypotensive with complete recovery. We identified 393 papers, among which 65 were deemed relevant to the topic. The weighted average prevalence of CHS after CAS is 1.2% [0.0\u201337.7%] with that of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) being 0.51% [0\u20139.3%]. Recently symptomatic carotid stenosis or contralateral carotid revascularization, urgent intervention, acute carotid occlusion, contralateral \u226570% stenosis, and the presence of leptomeningeal collaterals were associated with CHS. A prolonged hemodynamic instability after CAS conveys a higher risk for CHS. However, none of the articles mentioned isolated hypotension as a risk factor for CHS. Whereas mortality after ICH post-CAS ranges from 40 to 75%, in the absence of ICH, CHS generally carries a good prognosis. AH is not obligatory in CHS development. Even though impaired cerebral autoregulation and post-revascularization changes in cerebral hemodynamics seem to play a pivotal role in CHS pathophysiology, our case highlights the complexity of CHS, involving factors like endothelial dysfunction and sudden reperfusion. Further research is needed to refine diagnostic and management approaches for this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14111472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T12:49:56Z","timestamp":1731415796000},"page":"1472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Post-Carotid Artery Stenting Hyperperfusion Syndrome in a Hypotensive Patient: Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Matija","family":"Zupan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8595-7773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matej","family":"Perovnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janja","family":"Pretnar Oblak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9494-160X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senta","family":"Frol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka cesta 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2023.06.006","article-title":"Risk Factors for Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome Following Carotid Revascularization","volume":"97","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2019-015621","article-title":"Update on Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurointerv. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-016-1108-5","article-title":"Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome Resulting in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage after Carotid Artery Stenting","volume":"30","author":"Isozaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2019.01.247","article-title":"Clinical Predictors of Hyperperfusion Syndrome Following Carotid Stenting","volume":"12","author":"Moniche","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2018.05.012","article-title":"Editor\u2019s Choice\u2014Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome After Carotid Artery Stenting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"56","author":"Huibers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3813","article-title":"Correlation between High Perfusion Syndrome and Stent Restenosis after Stent Implantation","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2016.09.027","article-title":"Usefulness of Early Stenting for Symptomatic Extracranial Carotid Stenosis","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.10.041","article-title":"Incidence and Clinical Features of Symptomatic Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome After Vascular Reconstruction","volume":"78","author":"Hayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-9485.2009.02041.x","article-title":"Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome Post-carotid Artery Stenting","volume":"53","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200008000-00013","article-title":"Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Percutaneous Transluminal Stenting of the Craniocervical Arteries","volume":"47","author":"Meyers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2014-011634","article-title":"Leptomeningeal Collateral Vessels Are a Major Risk Factor for Intracranial Hemorrhage after Carotid Stenting in Patients with Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurointerv. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.20287","article-title":"Bilateral Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting","volume":"64","author":"Henry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2014-011141","article-title":"Emergency Carotid Artery Stenting in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Due to Occlusion or Stenosis of the Proximal Internal Carotid Artery: A Single-Center Experience","volume":"7","author":"Son","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurointerv. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e318188ad99","article-title":"Prediction of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome After Carotid Stenting","volume":"33","author":"Tseng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C.H., Chang, T.Y., Chang, Y.J., Huang, K.L., Chin, S.C., Ryu, S.J., Yang, T.C., and Lee, T.H. (2011). The Role of Perfusion Computed Tomography in the Prediction of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019886"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS-07\/12\/1130","article-title":"Intracranial Hemorrhage Associated with Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome Following Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Artery Stenting: Retrospective Review of 4494 Patients","volume":"107","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1403","article-title":"Factors Predictive of Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Carotid Angioplasty and Stent Placement","volume":"25","author":"Kaku","year":"2004","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a2e846","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Carotid Artery Stenting Predicts Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/159101991001600314","article-title":"Outcome Evaluation of Carotid Stenting in High-Risk Patients with Symptomatic Carotid near Occlusion","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Interv. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6853","article-title":"Intentional Stent Stenosis to Prevent Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Artery Stenting for Extremely High-Grade Stenosis","volume":"42","author":"Mori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2015.05.017","article-title":"Mechanism of Procedural Stroke Following Carotid Endarterectomy or Carotid Artery Stenting Within the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS) Randomised Trial","volume":"50","author":"Huibers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1176","article-title":"Neurological Symptoms Associated with Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome after CEA and CAS\u2014One Centre Study","volume":"18","author":"Ziaja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1159\/000500112","article-title":"Microbleeds after Carotid Artery Stenting: Small Embolism May Induce Cerebral Microbleeds","volume":"9","author":"Shindo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis. Extra"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.10.015","article-title":"Intraprocedural Prediction of Hemorrhagic Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome After Carotid Artery Stenting","volume":"22","author":"Narita","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"27","article-title":"Hyperperfusion Syndrome Following Carotid Artery Stenting: The Largest Single-Operator Series to Date","volume":"21","author":"Brantley","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Invasive Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.039","article-title":"Intracranial Hemorrhage and Hyperperfusion Syndrome Following Carotid Artery Stenting","volume":"43","author":"Yadav","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4796","article-title":"Risk Factors and Preventive Measures of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Artery Interventional Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/1538574407302850","article-title":"Changes in Blood Flow of Anterior and Middle Cerebral Arteries Following Carotid Endarterectomy: A Transcranial Doppler Study","volume":"41","author":"Maltezos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vasc. Endovascular Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-022-02623-4","article-title":"Perioperative Functional Imaging after Extracranial Carotid Endarterectomy for the Detection of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome","volume":"407","author":"Ronellenfitsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langenbeck\u2019s Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105318","article-title":"Cerebrovacular Reserve Predicts the Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome After Carotid Endarterectomy","volume":"29","author":"Manojlovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-012-1498-7","article-title":"Revaluation of Collateral Pathways as Escape Routes from Hyperemia\/Hyperperfusion Following Surgical Treatment for Carotid Stenosis","volume":"154","author":"Katano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28634","article-title":"Multidelay MR Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion Map for the Prediction of Cerebral Hyperperfusion After Carotid Endarterectomy","volume":"58","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.10.046","article-title":"Impaired Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation as a Predictor for Cerebral Hyperperfusion After Carotid Endarterectomy: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"181","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-007-0588-x","article-title":"Significance of Postoperative Crossed Cerebellar Hypoperfusion in Patients with Cerebral Hyperperfusion Following Carotid Endarterectomy: SPECT Study","volume":"35","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"252","article-title":"Cerebral Hyperperfusion Following Carotid Endarterectomy: Diagnostic Utility of Intraoperative Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography Compared with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Study","volume":"26","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2016.07.122","article-title":"Insight into the Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome Following Carotid Endarterectomy from the National Vascular Quality Initiative","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.483495","article-title":"Preoperative Cerebral Hemodynamic Impairment and Reactive Oxygen Species Produced During Carotid Endarterectomy Correlate With Development of Postoperative Cerebral Hyperperfusion","volume":"38","author":"Suga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.107102","article-title":"Independent Role of Circle of Willis for Peri-Procedural Evaluation of Carotid Endarterectomy in Patients with Severe Carotid Stenosis","volume":"213","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303659","article-title":"Clinical Risk Predictors for Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Endarterectomy","volume":"84","author":"Maas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2003.231","article-title":"Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Endarterectomy: Predictive Factors and Hemodynamic Changes","volume":"37","author":"Ascher","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.158317","article-title":"Prediction of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome with Velocity Blood Pressure Index","volume":"128","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2011.12.024","article-title":"Prediction of Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Carotid Endarterectomy with Transcranial Doppler","volume":"43","author":"Pennekamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.09.064","article-title":"Intracranial Hemorrhage after Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Stenting in the United States in 2005","volume":"49","author":"Timaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.8.JNS171142","article-title":"Risk of Intracranial Hemorrhage after Carotid Artery Stenting versus Endarterectomy: A Population-Based Study","volume":"129","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.11.057","article-title":"Staged Carotid Artery Stenting for Prevention of Hyperperfusion-Induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Patients with Very High-Grade Carotid Stenosis and Poor Collateral Compensation","volume":"171","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1911","article-title":"Intracranial Hemorrhage after Stenting and Angioplasty of Extracranial Carotid Stenosis","volume":"21","author":"Morrish","year":"2000","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.95.6.0964","article-title":"Mechanisms of Intracerebral Hemorrhage after Carotid Endarterectomy","volume":"95","author":"Henderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.08.070","article-title":"Intraoperative Blood Pressure Lability Carries a Higher Risk of Headache after Carotid Endarterectomy","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5816-1","article-title":"ASL Perfusion Features and Type of Circle of Willis as Imaging Markers for Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Carotid Revascularization: A Preliminary Study","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-08755-x","article-title":"Arterial Transit Artifacts on Arterial Spin Labeling MRI Can Predict Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Carotid Endarterectomy: An Initial Study","volume":"32","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2019.04.033","article-title":"Transcranial Doppler 24 Hours after Carotid Endarterectomy Accurately Identifies Patients Not at Risk of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome","volume":"58","author":"Fassaert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2019.01.044","article-title":"Subtraction of Arterial Spin-Labeling Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Images Acquired at Dual Post-Labeling Delay: Potential for Evaluating Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome Following Carotid Endarterectomy","volume":"63","author":"Haga","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2018-013748","article-title":"Measurement of Oxygen Extraction Fraction by Blood Sampling to Estimate Severe Cerebral Hemodynamic Failure and Anticipate Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome Following Carotid Artery Stenting","volume":"10","author":"Iwata","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurointerv. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagawa, I., Park, H.S., Yokoyama, S., Yamada, S., Motoyama, Y., Park, Y.S., Wada, T., Kichikawa, K., and Nakase, H. (2017). Indocyanine Green Kinetics with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Predicts Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Artery Stenting. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180684"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1031","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.196322","article-title":"Signal Changes on Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Images with Arterial Spin Labeling after Carotid Endarterectomy","volume":"7","author":"Shimogawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000485","article-title":"Global Oxygen Extraction Fraction by Blood Sampling to Anticipate Cerebral Hyperperfusion Phenomenon After Carotid Artery Stenting","volume":"75","author":"Iwata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000343229","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Can Predict the Onset of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Endarterectomy","volume":"34","author":"Pennekamp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2007.11.038","article-title":"Prediction of Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Carotid Endarterectomy Using Cerebral Blood Volume Measured by Perfusion-Weighted MR Imaging Compared with Single-Photon Emission CT","volume":"47","author":"Fukuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, J., Shen, J., Li, J., Zhang, F., Mao, R., Xu, Y., and Duan, Y. (2023). Combination of Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Video-Angiography FLOW 800 and Computed Tomography Perfusion to Assess the Risk of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome in Chronic Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion Patients after Revascularization Surgery. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1323626"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1177\/17085381221091369","article-title":"Peri-Procedural Variables and Outcomes of Long-Period Hemodynamic Instability after Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-017-0845-9","article-title":"Uneven Cerebral Hemodynamic Change as a Cause of Neurological Deterioration in the Acute Stage after Direct Revascularization for Moyamoya Disease: Cerebral Hyperperfusion and Remote Ischemia Caused by the \u2018Watershed Shift\u2019","volume":"40","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/1708538120946538","article-title":"Perioperative Baseline \u03b2-Blockers: An Independent Protective Factor for Post-Carotid Endarterectomy Hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Teng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vascular"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2013.54.3.159","article-title":"Post-Carotid Endarterectomy Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome: Is It Preventable by Strict Blood Pressure Control?","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-021-02692-0","article-title":"Watershed Subarachnoid Hemorrhage after Middle Cerebral Artery Rescue Stenting in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke","volume":"63","author":"Diana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.8.JNS18887","article-title":"Effectiveness of Staged Angioplasty for Avoidance of Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Revascularization","volume":"132","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000140838.27450.63","article-title":"Pretreatment with the Free Radical Scavenger Edaravone Prevents Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Carotid Endarterectomy","volume":"55","author":"Ogasawara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/108\/6\/1178","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Cerebral Hyperperfusion and Cognitive Impairment after Carotid Endarterectomy","volume":"108","author":"Hirooka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16653133","article-title":"Baseline Collateral Status and Infarct Topography in Post-Ischaemic Perilesional Hyperperfusion: An Arterial Spin Labelling Study","volume":"37","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308537","article-title":"Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on the Cardiovascular System","volume":"120","author":"Oesterle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-13-37","article-title":"Carotid Plaque Regression Following 6-Month Statin Therapy Assessed by 3T Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Comparison with Ultrasound Intima Media Thickness","volume":"13","author":"Migrino","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.020","article-title":"Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome and Intracranial Hemorrhage after Carotid Endarterectomy or Carotid Stenting: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"381","author":"Galyfos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2012.52.5.476","article-title":"Hyperperfusion Syndrome after Carotid Stent-Supported Angioplasty in Patients with Autonomic Dysfunction","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.75.3.528","article-title":"Regulation of Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells by Nitric Oxide","volume":"75","author":"Janigro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.01.009","article-title":"Carotid Endarterectomy Impairs Blood Pressure Homeostasis by Reducing the Physiologic Baroreflex Reserve","volume":"41","author":"Giussani","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-022-03270-5","article-title":"Treatment via Oral Midodrine in a Patient with Prolonged Hypotension Following Carotid Artery Stenting: A Case Report","volume":"16","author":"Jenab","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248408317709","article-title":"Oral Midodrine Is Effective for the Treatment of Hypotension Associated With Carotid Artery Stenting","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/11\/1472\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:31:01Z","timestamp":1760113861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/11\/1472"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["life14111472"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14111472","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]}}}