{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:35:45Z","timestamp":1760146545907,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gold standard for histological acute cellular rejection diagnosis is transbronchial forceps biopsy (FB), but in recent years, transbronchial cryobiopsy (CB) has been increasingly used. This study aims to compare the diagnostic rate and safety of FBs and CBs performed in two different periods. We retrospectively reviewed our case history for the two biopsy procedures: 251 FBs (223 for surveillance purposes and 28 for clinical indication) and 218 consecutive CBs (159 for surveillance purposes and 59 for clinical indication). All biopsies were scored according to the ISHLT criteria. Diagnostic yield was higher in the CB group for all the parameters considered: a grade of acute rejection (AR) was detected in 95.0% vs. 84.5% in the CB vs. FB groups (p &lt; 0.001). The diagnostic rate of airway inflammation was 65.1% vs. 51.8% (p = 0.005), and 89.0% vs. 64.9% (p &lt; 0.001) for chronic rejection. Pneumothorax requiring chest drainage occurred in 4% of the CB group and 3% of the FB group. Moderate and severe bleeding complicated CB and FB procedures in seven (3%) and three cases (1%), respectively. Transbronchial cryobiopsies improved the diagnostic yield in the monitoring of the lung allograft. The complication rate did not increase significantly in CBs vs. FBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14111474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T06:10:48Z","timestamp":1731478248000},"page":"1474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transition from Transbronchial Forceps to Cryobiopsy After Lung Transplantation: A Single-Centre Experience"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3767-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Tosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4547-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Brivio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Franzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4510-5167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Palleschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 12, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Bonitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 12, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Righi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4303-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Mendogni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3192-4957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Cattaneo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0847-2363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Damarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4661-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letizia","family":"Morlacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 12, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Rossetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9809-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 12, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2019.08.001","article-title":"The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-sixth adult lung and heart-lung transplantation Report-2019; Focus theme: Donor and recipient size 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Direct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263389","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1263389","article-title":"Circulating donor-derived cell-free DNA as a marker for rejection after lung transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.A., Lau, C.L., and Krupnick, A.S. (2023). Monitoring regulatory T cells as a prognostic marker in lung transplantation. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1235889"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2024.106860","article-title":"Immune checkpoint molecules in solid organ transplantation: A promising way to prevent rejection","volume":"267","author":"Righi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. 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Investig."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/11\/1474\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:31:08Z","timestamp":1760113868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/11\/1474"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["life14111474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14111474","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]}}}