{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:21:13Z","timestamp":1792790473197,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn\u2019s disease (CD), are chronic conditions with complex etiologies that may involve dietary factors. This study investigates the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of UC and CD, focusing on gender-specific differences. Methods: A hospital-based case\u2013control study, comprising 158 UC patients (93 men and 65 women), 245 CD patients (167 men and 78 women), and 395 controls without IBD (256 men and 139 women), was conducted in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Fruit and vegetable consumption data were gathered through a self-administered questionnaire distributed before diagnosis. Logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for UC and CD among the participants reporting the daily consumption of fruits and vegetables. Results: Among men, daily vegetable consumption was associated with higher odds of UC in the age-adjusted model [OR (95% CI): 1.78 (1.02, 3.10)], but this association became non-significant after further adjustment for body mass index, smoking, anemia, and elevated liver enzymes [OR (95% CI): 1.70 (0.91, 3.18)]. No significant associations were observed between vegetable consumption and CD. In contrast, the women who consumed vegetables every day had a non-significant inverse association with UC and a significant inverse association with CD in both the age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted models [ORs (95% CIs): 0.44 (0.23, 0.87) and 0.41 (0.20, 0.84), respectively]. Fruit consumption was neither associated with UC nor CD in either sex. Conclusions: Daily vegetable consumption was significantly associated with decreased odds of CD among women, but not men, highlighting potential sex-specific dietary influences on IBD risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T04:46:11Z","timestamp":1732164371000},"page":"1524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Anas M.","family":"Almofarreh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Deputyship for Health Investment Development, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5949-6803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haytham A.","family":"Sheerah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Vice Minister of Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3335-2243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Arafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita 564-8565, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fairuz A.","family":"Algori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Deputyship for Preventive Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghonem R.","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Administration for Health Facilities Licensing, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kafi A.","family":"Alenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Deputyship for Medical Assistance Services, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4950-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madiha M.","family":"Al-Alsehemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legislation and Regulations, General Directorate of Nursing and Midwifery Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banan H.","family":"Mekwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deputyship for Therapeutic Services, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Alzeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haneen N.","family":"Molla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"113","author":"Wehkamp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch. 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