{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:36:18Z","timestamp":1789475778897,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2023-KH137595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-KH137595"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study compared glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy and assessed maternal and neonatal outcomes according to HbA1c variations among women with pregestational diabetes. This retrospective, multicenter Korean study involved mothers with diabetes who had given birth in 17 hospitals. A total of 292 women were divided into three groups based on HbA1c levels during the first and second trimesters: women with HbA1c levels maintained at &lt;6.5% (well-controlled [WC] group); women with HbA1c \u2265 6.5% (poorly-controlled [PC] group); and women with HbA1c \u2265 6.5% in the first trimester but &lt;6.5% in the second trimester (improved-control [IC] group). The PC group had the highest pregnancy-associated hypertension (PAH) incidence, while the incidence did not significantly differ between the WC and IC groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that HbA1c in the second trimester could predict PAH with a cut-off value of 5.7%. The PC versus WC versus IC group showed statistically significantly higher neonatal birthweight and significantly higher rates of large for gestational age (LGA); however, those were not significantly different between the WC and IC groups. HbA1c levels in the second trimester could predict LGA, with a cut-off value of 5.4%. Therefore, the second trimester HbA1c levels were significantly associated with both maternal and neonatal outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T06:58:58Z","timestamp":1733122738000},"page":"1575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Based on Changes in Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels During First and Second Trimesters of Pregnancy in Women with Pregestational Diabetes: Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort Study in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9770-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suyeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sooran","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subeen","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Incheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hee","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03063, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0303-7813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Joo","family":"Seol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joon Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University Health System, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8174-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Cheol","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sae-Kyoung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Incheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Young","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Incheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Mi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Sung","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi Su","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7873-3234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Soo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Medicine Residency, Providence St. Joseph Eureka Hospital, Eureka, CA 95501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9272-6770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo-Jeong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geum Joon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Gon","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Joon","family":"Seong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6310-6206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun Sun","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2337\/cd20-0062","article-title":"Pregestational Diabetes and Family Planning","volume":"39","author":"Hart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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