{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T19:34:53Z","timestamp":1780601693096,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Estatal Amaz\u00f3nica in Puyo, Ecuador","award":["FAR2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2024"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy","award":["FAR2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils are investigated due to their biological activity, and the Amazon rainforest, with its rich biodiversity, is a promising source of therapeutic compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the essential oil from the leaves of Bixa orellana as an antifungal agent, thus contributing to the search for alternatives that can address the growing resistance to conventional antifungals. B. orellana leaves were collected in the Ecuadorian Amazon and their essential oil was obtained by steam distillation. Their chemical composition was analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and their antifungal activity against Candida albicans was evaluated using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion method (ATCC 10231), with nystatin as a positive control. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 60 compounds, the main ones being dihydroedulan (27.5%), \u03b2-caryophyllene (10.3%), nerolidol (7.21%), trans-\u03b2-bergamotene (5.73%), \u03b1-santalene (4.94%) and trans-\u03b1-bergamotene (4.26%). The essential oil showed moderate antifungal activity against C. albicans, producing an inhibition halo of 13 mm in diameter, which is 48% of the inhibition observed with nystatin (27 mm). The presence of sesquiterpenes, such as \u03b2-caryophyllene, known for its membrane-disrupting properties, probably contributes to the observed antifungal effects. The study highlights the potential of B. orellana essential oil as a natural antifungal agent; however, further research is required to evaluate its efficacy against a wider range of pathogenic fungi, its possible synergistic effects with conventional antifungals and its safety and efficacy in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T06:16:14Z","timestamp":1733724974000},"page":"1628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["In Vitro Evaluation of the Antifungal Properties of Bixa orellana L. Essential Oil from the Ecuadorian Amazon Against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n Cruz","family":"Berr\u00fa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Estatal Amaz\u00f3nica (UEA), V\u00eda Tena km 2\u00bd, Puyo 160150, Pastaza, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Coraima Mora","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Estatal Amaz\u00f3nica (UEA), V\u00eda Tena km 2\u00bd, Puyo 160150, Pastaza, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5480-0869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Luisa Soria","family":"Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Estatal Amaz\u00f3nica (UEA), V\u00eda Tena km 2\u00bd, Puyo 160150, Pastaza, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2172-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jannys Lizeth Rivera","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Estatal Amaz\u00f3nica (UEA), V\u00eda Tena km 2\u00bd, Puyo 160150, Pastaza, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5756-6628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Ram\u00f3n Bravo","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Estatal Amaz\u00f3nica (UEA), V\u00eda Tena km 2\u00bd, Puyo 160150, Pastaza, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4771-8912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Radice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Estatal Amaz\u00f3nica (UEA), V\u00eda Tena km 2\u00bd, Puyo 160150, Pastaza, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1348-4422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Manfredini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1048-7126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reinier","family":"Abreu-Naranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Estatal Amaz\u00f3nica (UEA), V\u00eda Tena km 2\u00bd, Puyo 160150, Pastaza, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.02.028","article-title":"Candida albicans-Biology, molecular characterization, pathogenicity, and advances in diagnosis and control\u2014An update","volume":"117","author":"Dadar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. 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