{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:39:51Z","timestamp":1760146791905,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the histopathological findings in the resected tracheal ring of tracheotomized critically ill patients with or without severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Material and Methods: This is a prospective case\u2013control study. The data collection period was between May 2020 and 2022. Eighty tracheostomies were performed on patients with long intubation, and the resected tracheal ring was examined by standard microscopy. Forty consecutive tracheotomies were carried out in COVID-19-positive and -negative patients. Results: The mean age was 67.1 (6.9 SD) years in the COVID-19 group and 67.8 (9.6 SD) in the control group (p = 0.3). The number of men in each group was 30 (75.0%) versus 27 (67.5%), respectively (p = 0.5). No relevant histological alterations were found in 82.5% of samples. Chronic subepithelial inflammation was found in 13.8% of cases. Two cases presented with vasculitis (2.5%), and one case presented with thrombotic microangiopathy (1.2%), all of them in the COVID-19 group. We found no statistically significant dependence between relevant histologic findings versus no alterations (X2 = 0.779, p= 0.377) and no significant risk indices (RR = 1.8, OR = 2.032, PAR = 44%). Conclusion: There is no evidence of increased risk of histopathological findings in the resected tracheal ring of patients with long intubation and COVID-19 disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T12:25:54Z","timestamp":1734006354000},"page":"1655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Histological Findings of Resected Tracheal Ring in SARS-CoV-2-Positive and -Negative Tracheostomized Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5356-290X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nieves","family":"Mata-Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, 28041 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3681-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Vozmediano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Perna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ramon y Cajal Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"RYCIS, School of Medicine Universidad de Alcala, 28801 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Prada Puentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathological Anatomy, Torrej\u00f3n University Hospital, 28850 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Sanz L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of ENT, Torrej\u00f3n University Hospital, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28850 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14134","article-title":"Postmortem examination of COVID-19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings in lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction","volume":"77","author":"Menter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31305-2","article-title":"Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: A case series","volume":"396","author":"Bradley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2020.07.023","article-title":"A review of the main histopathological findings in coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"105","author":"Orozco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0603-3","article-title":"A systematic review of pathological findings in COVID-19: A pathophysiological timeline and possible mechanisms of disease progression","volume":"33","author":"Polak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432","article-title":"Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Ackermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2020-206995","article-title":"Histopathological observations in COVID-19: A systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0595-z","article-title":"In situ detection of SARS-CoV-2 in lungs and airways of patients with COVID-19","volume":"33","author":"Schaefer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-00661-1","article-title":"COVID-19 pulmonary pathology: A multi-institutional autopsy cohort from Italy and New York City","volume":"33","author":"Borczuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"R Core Team (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2020.102867","article-title":"Tracheostomy in patients with SARS-CoV-2 reduces time on mechanical ventilation but not intensive care unit stay","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.23204.1","article-title":"Appearance and management of COVID-19 laryngo-tracheitis: Two case reports","volume":"9","author":"Oliver","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjtc.2020.08.023","article-title":"Laryngotracheal resection for a post-tracheotomy stenosis in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"4","author":"Lucchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JTCVS Tech."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.04.009","article-title":"Bedside transcervical transtracheal post-intubation injury repair in a Covid-19 patient","volume":"110","author":"Bassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04231-y","article-title":"High density of IgG4-secreting plasma cells in the fibrotic tissue from a surgically resected tracheal ring impaired by complex subglottic stenosis post-tracheostomy as immune expression of a Th2 response due to severe COVID-19","volume":"100","author":"Roncati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13872","article-title":"Chelwest COVID-19 Tracheostomy Group. Histological findings of tracheal samples from COVID-19 positive critically ill mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"47","author":"Ward","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/12\/1655\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:54Z","timestamp":1760115234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/12\/1655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["life14121655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14121655","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]}}}