{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:00:30Z","timestamp":1788991230558,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the 2022 National Key R&amp;D Program Subtopics for International Cooperation Projects","award":["532101302372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["532101302372"]}]},{"name":"the 2022 National Key R&amp;D Program Subtopics for International Cooperation Projects","award":["OHIC2019G01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OHIC2019G01"]}]},{"name":"the 2022 National Key R&amp;D Program Subtopics for International Cooperation Projects","award":["82101510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101510"]}]},{"name":"the 2022 National Key R&amp;D Program Subtopics for International Cooperation Projects","award":["2021CFB231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB231"]}]},{"name":"the 2022 National Key R&amp;D Program Subtopics for International Cooperation Projects","award":["Q20211605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20211605"]}]},{"name":"the Open Project Program of Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control","award":["532101302372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["532101302372"]}]},{"name":"the Open Project Program of Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control","award":["OHIC2019G01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OHIC2019G01"]}]},{"name":"the Open Project Program of Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control","award":["82101510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101510"]}]},{"name":"the Open Project Program of Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control","award":["2021CFB231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB231"]}]},{"name":"the Open Project Program of Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control","award":["Q20211605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20211605"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["532101302372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["532101302372"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["OHIC2019G01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OHIC2019G01"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82101510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101510"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021CFB231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB231"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Q20211605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20211605"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["532101302372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["532101302372"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["OHIC2019G01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OHIC2019G01"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["82101510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101510"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["2021CFB231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB231"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","award":["Q20211605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20211605"]}]},{"name":"the Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["532101302372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["532101302372"]}]},{"name":"the Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["OHIC2019G01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OHIC2019G01"]}]},{"name":"the Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["82101510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101510"]}]},{"name":"the Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["2021CFB231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CFB231"]}]},{"name":"the Hubei Provincial Department of Education","award":["Q20211605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q20211605"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, there is a lack of standardized diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), making it a subject of ongoing debate. The optimal diagnostic method and screening strategy for GDM remain contentious. In this review, we summarize the criteria and methods for diagnosing GDM, and perform a comparison between universal and selective screening strategies. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the following: (1) The most widely adopted criteria for GDM are those established by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG). (2) Evidence from cohort studies suggests that the one-step diagnostic method is associated with improved pregnancy outcomes and appears more cost-effective compared to the two-step method. (3) Universal screening is more cost-effective than selective screening, which may overlook a significant number of women with GDM. Additionally, various methods have been proposed for early pregnancy screening (before 14 weeks). Finally, an outlook is presented for the diagnosis of GDM, emphasizing the importance of large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to provide stronger evidence for future support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T09:17:58Z","timestamp":1734340678000},"page":"1665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: New Thinking on Diagnostic Criteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jiyu","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Nursing, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5612-5724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9855-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30161-3","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes: Opportunities for Improving Maternal and Child Health","volume":"8","author":"Saravanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Estimation of Global and Regional Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group\u2019s Criteria","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"6536974","article-title":"Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Eastern and Southeastern Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2018","author":"Cong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02978.x","article-title":"Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes and Time Trends of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Sweden from 1991 to 2003","volume":"27","author":"Fadl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetic Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4505-7","article-title":"Is Gestational Diabetes an Independent Risk Factor of Neonatal Severe Respiratory Distress Syndrome after 34 Weeks of Gestation? A Prospective Study","volume":"296","author":"Mortier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4206-6","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes from 716,152 Births in France in 2012","volume":"60","author":"Billionnet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2150-4","article-title":"Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy (DIP): The Prevalence and Outcomes of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Using New Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"54","author":"Avalos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.S., Nohr, E.A., Bech, B.H., Vestergaard, M., and Olsen, J. (2012). Long-Term Health Outcomes in Children Born to Mothers with Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036727"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1393","article-title":"Intrauterine Exposure to Maternal Diabetes Is Associated With Higher Adiposity and Insulin Resistance and Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Markers in Indian Children","volume":"33","author":"Krishnaveni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"278","article-title":"Criteria for the oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Mahan","year":"1964","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1979). National Diabetes Data Group Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Other Categories of Glucose Intolerance. Diabetes, 28, 1039\u20131057.","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.28.12.1039"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90349-0","article-title":"Criteria for Screening Tests for Gestational Diabetes","volume":"144","author":"Carpenter","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1583733","article-title":"Prevalence and Pregnancy Outcomes of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus by Different International Diagnostic Criteria: A Prospective Cohort Study in Vietnam","volume":"33","author":"Cong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"WHO Consultation Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Provisional Report of a WHO Consultation","volume":"15","author":"Alberti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0719","article-title":"International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Recommendations on the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.01.044","article-title":"Diabetes and Pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)33833-9","article-title":"Screening Criteria for High-Risk Gestational Diabetic Patients","volume":"116","author":"Mahan","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2011). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2011 AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION. Diabetes Care, 34, S11\u2013S61.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-S011"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2014). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2014. Diabetes Care, 37, S14\u2013S80.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S014"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(16)33834-0","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes and Perinatal Mortality Rate","volume":"116","author":"Charles","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.3.3.458","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes: Infant and Maternal Complications of Pregnancy in Relation to Third-Trimester Glucose Tolerance in the Pima Indians","volume":"3","author":"Pettitt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2021","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Glycemia and Childhood Glucose Metabolism","volume":"42","author":"Scholtens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1646","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Follow-up Study (HAPO FUS): Maternal Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Childhood Glucose Metabolism","volume":"42","author":"Lowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2014). Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, 37, S81\u2013S90.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S081"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.10.012","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria and Classification of Hyperglycaemia First Detected in Pregnancy: A World Health Organization Guideline","volume":"103","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.01.206","article-title":"Evidence in Support of the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Groups\u2019 Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Worldwide in 2019","volume":"221","author":"Hod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1212","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (WS 331-2011)","volume":"125","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.04.003","article-title":"Survey by the European Board and College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology on Screening for Gestational Diabetes in Europe","volume":"201","author":"Benhalima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0866","article-title":"Impact of Ethnicity on Gestational Diabetes Identified with the WHO and the Modified International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Criteria: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"166","author":"Jenum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108830","article-title":"Effect of the IADPSG Screening Strategy for Gestational Diabetes on Perinatal Outcomes in Switzerland","volume":"175","author":"Aubry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.08.027","article-title":"The Impact of Adoption of the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group Criteria for the Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes","volume":"212","author":"Mayo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g1567","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1567","article-title":"TOO MUCH MEDICINE Gestational Diabetes: New Criteria May Triple the Prevalence but Effect on Outcomes Is Unclear","volume":"348","author":"Cundy","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ-Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12378","article-title":"Diagnosis of More Gestational Diabetes Lead to Better Pregnancy Outcomes: Comparing the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group Criteria, and the Carpenter and Coustan Criteria","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0179","article-title":"Introduction of IADPSG Criteria for the Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Results in Improved Pregnancy Outcomes at a Lower Cost in a Large Cohort of Pregnant Women: The St. Carlos Gestational Diabetes Study","volume":"37","author":"Duran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1641","article-title":"Frequency of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at Collaborating Centers Based on IADPSG Consensus Panel-Recommended Criteria The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study","volume":"35","author":"Sacks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e023293","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023293","article-title":"Implications of the Introduction of New Criteria for the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes: A Health Outcome and Cost of Care Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Cade","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1704-3","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Different Management Strategies Should Be Adopted for Different Subsets of Patients Diagnosed by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test","volume":"62","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.09.002","article-title":"Performance of a Selective Screening Strategy for Diagnosis of Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy as Defined by IADPSG\/WHO Criteria","volume":"46","author":"Cosson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.11.014","article-title":"Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors","volume":"36","author":"Galtier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2393","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Does One Size Fit All? A Challenge to Uniform Worldwide Diagnostic Thresholds","volume":"41","author":"McIntyre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0013","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Is It Time to Reconsider the Diagnostic Criteria?","volume":"41","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4353-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus According to IADPSG\/WHO 2013 Criteria among Obese Pregnant Women in Europe","volume":"60","author":"Egan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E187","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1433","article-title":"Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Different Paradigm to Consider","volume":"36","author":"Manzoor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000865","article-title":"Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Using The International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Criteria Glycemic Thresholds and Associated Risks","volume":"126","author":"Sacks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2026028","article-title":"A Pragmatic, Randomized Clinical Trial of Gestational Diabetes Screening","volume":"384","author":"Hillier","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13254","article-title":"Are Women Positive for the One Step but Negative for the Two Step Screening Tests for Gestational Diabetes at Higher Risk for Adverse Outcomes?","volume":"97","author":"Caissutti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001538","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001538","article-title":"Economic Burden of IADPSG Gestational Diabetes Diagnostic Criteria in China: Propensity Score Matching Analysis from a 7-Year Retrospective Cohort","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diab. Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1643","article-title":"Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Are the Criteria Proposed by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Cost-Effective?","volume":"35","author":"Werner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.06.048","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Screening with the New IADPSG Guidelines: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis","volume":"207","author":"Mission","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006996","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006996","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of the New Zealand Diabetes in Pregnancy Guideline Screening Recommendations","volume":"5","author":"Coop","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-012-2324-4","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes in a Tertiary Care Hospital: Implications of Applying the IADPSG Criteria","volume":"286","author":"Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.06.009","article-title":"Global Cost-Effectiveness of GDM Screening and Management: Current Knowledge and Future Needs","volume":"29","author":"Weile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1498480","article-title":"One-Step versus Two-Step Diagnostic Testing for Gestational Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"33","author":"Khalifeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2024.101346","article-title":"One-Step vs 2-Step Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Screening and Pregnancy Outcomes: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Gomes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.026","article-title":"Screening and Management of Gestational Diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Benhalima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0759","article-title":"Improvement of Selective Screening Strategy for Gestational Diabetes through a More Accurate Definition of High-Risk Groups","volume":"170","author":"Pintaudi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2015.05.003","article-title":"Selective Rather than Universal Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus?","volume":"191","author":"Miailhe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1428","article-title":"Diagnostic and Prognostic Performances Over 9 Years of a Selective Screening Strategy for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Cohort of 18,775 Subjects","volume":"36","author":"Cosson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-004-0159-6","article-title":"Is Selective Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Worthwhile Everywhere?","volume":"41","author":"Corcoy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2001). Gynecologists ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 27: Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician-Gynecologists. Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Chromosomal Abnormalities. Obstet. Gynecol., 97, 1\u201312."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.02.012","article-title":"Strategies for Implementing the WHO Diagnostic Criteria and Classification of Hyperglycaemia First Detected in Pregnancy","volume":"103","author":"Colagiuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.01.048","article-title":"Canadian Diabetes Association 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E64","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2345","article-title":"Testing for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Australia","volume":"36","author":"Nankervis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1038","article-title":"Sociodemographic Correlates of the Increasing Trend in Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Large Population of Women Between 1995 and 2005","volume":"31","author":"Anna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S141","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-s206","article-title":"Increasing Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Ferrara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1887","article-title":"Issues With the Diagnosis and Classification of Hyperglycemia in Early Pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"McIntyre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.06.001","article-title":"Perspectives on Diagnostic Strategies for Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy\u2014Dealing with the Barriers and Challenges: Europe","volume":"145","author":"Egan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1157","article-title":"Evaluation of the Value of Fasting Plasma Glucose in the First Prenatal Visit to Diagnose Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in China","volume":"36","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.11.1978","article-title":"The Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study","volume":"21","author":"Jovanovic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"414","article-title":"Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","volume":"160","author":"Moyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2012.03.006","article-title":"Correspondence between First-Trimester Fasting Glycaemia, and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Gestational Diabetes Diagnosis","volume":"38","author":"Corrado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-0111-z","article-title":"Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the First Trimester, Comparison of Fasting Plasma Glucose, Two-Step and One-Step Methods: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"46","author":"Yeral","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"390","article-title":"Role of First-Trimester HbA1c as a Predictor of Adverse Obstetric Outcomes in a Multiethnic Cohort","volume":"102","author":"Mane","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.06.016","article-title":"Use of Hemoglobin A1c as an Early Predictor of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"211","author":"Fong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.08.019","article-title":"Is First-Trimester HbA1c Useful in the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes?","volume":"133","author":"Benaiges","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107953","article-title":"Glycated Haemoglobin in the First Trimester: A Predictor of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Asian Indian Women","volume":"159","author":"Punnose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050802663194","article-title":"Risk for Developing Gestational Diabetes in Women with Twin Pregnancies","volume":"22","author":"Rana","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-018-4847-9","article-title":"Incidence and Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Twin versus Singleton Pregnancies","volume":"298","author":"Hiersch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac472","article-title":"Screening Accuracy of the 50 G-Glucose Challenge Test in Twin Compared With Singleton Pregnancies","volume":"107","author":"Hiersch","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7590","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1956896","article-title":"The Screening Performance of Glucose Challenge Test for Gestational Diabetes in Twin Pregnancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.04.013","article-title":"SMFM Special Statement: State of the Science on Multifetal Gestations: Unique Considerations and Importance","volume":"221","author":"Grantz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-021-00990-0","article-title":"Evaluation of Treatment Strategies and Pregnancy Outcome among GDM Twin versus GDM Singleton Pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Diabetes Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-023-03588-0","article-title":"Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Twin Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/12\/1665\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:09Z","timestamp":1760115189000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/14\/12\/1665"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["life14121665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life14121665","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}