{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:11:57Z","timestamp":1792005117075,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["15.BRK.21.0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15.BRK.21.0004"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2021-1052\/9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2021-1052\/9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oryza sativa (rice) is a major staple food targeted for increased production to achieve food security. However, increased production is threatened by several biotic and abiotic factors, of which bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae is severe. Developing effective control strategies requires an up-to-date understanding of its pathogenomics. This study analyzes the genomes of 30 X. oryzae strains collected from rice-producing regions across five continents to identify genetic elements critical for its pathogenicity and adaptability and for an intraspecific diversity assessment using advanced genomics and bioinformatics tools. Resistome analysis revealed 28 distinct types of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), both innate and acquired, indicating a growing threat from multidrug-resistant X. oryzae strains. Sixteen virulent genes, including type III and VI secretion systems, motility genes, and effector proteins, were identified. A unique \u2018MexCD-OprJ\u2019 multidrug efflux system was detected in the Tanzanian strains, conferring resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. To curb further ARG emergence, there is a need to regulate the use of antibiotics for X. oryzae control and adopt resistant rice varieties. Transposable elements were also discovered to contribute to X. oryzae pathogenicity, facilitating the horizontal transfer of virulence genes. Pangenome analysis revealed intraspecific variation among the population, with 112 unique CDS having diverse functional roles. Strains registered in the Philippines had the most unique genes. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the divergent evolution of X. oryzae. This study\u2019s results will aid in identifying more effective management strategies and biocontrol alternatives for sustainable rice production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T08:40:25Z","timestamp":1734684025000},"page":"1690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pathogenomic Insights into Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae\u2019s Resistome, Virulome, and Diversity for Improved Rice Blight Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peter Adeolu","family":"Adedibu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Advanced Engineering School, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Advanced Engineering School, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"},{"name":"ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Centralnaya St. 42, Volno-Nadezhdinskoye, Primorsky Krai, 692481 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liudmila","family":"Tekutyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Advanced Engineering School, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"},{"name":"ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Centralnaya St. 42, Volno-Nadezhdinskoye, Primorsky Krai, 692481 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9131-2496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"Balabanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Food Systems, Advanced Engineering School, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia"},{"name":"ARNIKA, Territory of PDA Nadezhdinskaya, Centralnaya St. 42, Volno-Nadezhdinskoye, Primorsky Krai, 692481 Vladivostok, Russia"},{"name":"G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letya Vladivostoka 152, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.65.S2","article-title":"Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition","volume":"65","author":"Fukagawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. 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