{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T21:29:28Z","timestamp":1788298168675,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies","award":["PRONAII-2024-117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRONAII-2024-117"]}]},{"name":"National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies","award":["633738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["633738"]}]},{"name":"National Council of Humanities, Sciences, and Technologies","award":["292888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["292888"]}]},{"name":"National Research and Incidence Projects","award":["PRONAII-2024-117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRONAII-2024-117"]}]},{"name":"National Research and Incidence Projects","award":["633738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["633738"]}]},{"name":"National Research and Incidence Projects","award":["292888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["292888"]}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT, Mexico","award":["PRONAII-2024-117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRONAII-2024-117"]}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT, Mexico","award":["633738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["633738"]}]},{"name":"CONAHCYT, Mexico","award":["292888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["292888"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Annona muricata L. (guanabana) leaves are rich in bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant properties. In the state of Colima, both ethanolic extracts and infusions are traditionally used in folk medicine to address various ailments. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts and infusions of A. muricata leaves from three geographic regions in Colima, Mexico, with a focus on how geographic origin affects their bioactive properties. Methods: Ethanolic extracts and infusions were prepared from A. muricata leaves and analyzed using phytochemical screening; DPPH, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total phenolic content (TPC) measurements; and HPLC. TLC was also conducted to examine the presence of specific compounds, such as flavonoids and phenols. Results: Both the ethanolic extracts and infusions contained significant levels of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The infusions demonstrated superior antioxidant capacity, with DPPH inhibition values of 72.5%, 68.3%, and 65.1% in the northern, central, and southern regions, respectively, compared to the ethanolic extracts\u2019 values of 50.3%, 48.9%, and 45.0%. HPLC identified quercetin as a major compound across all samples. Geographically, the northern region exhibited higher concentrations of bioactive compounds, particularly total flavonoid content (TFC) and iron-reducing power (FRPA). Conclusions: Both the ethanolic extracts and infusions of A. muricata leaves exhibited significant antioxidant properties, with the infusions showing superior performance. The results suggest that A. muricata infusions may have potential applications in managing oxidative stress-related diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Exploring their use in traditional medicine and employing this type of approach can help discern the metabolite profile responsible for these bioactivities. Geographic factors influence the bioactive profile of the plant, and further research is needed to isolate specific bioactive compounds and elucidate their therapeutic mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T05:58:27Z","timestamp":1734933507000},"page":"1702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Infusions and Ethanolic Extracts of Annona muricata Leaves from Colima, Mexico: Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4685-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo A.","family":"Hernandez-Fuentes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"},{"name":"State Cancerology Institute of Colima, Health Services of the Mexican Social Security Institute for Welfare (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Colima 28085, Mexico"},{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Colima, Coquimatlan 28400, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osiris G.","family":"Delgado-Enciso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar G.","family":"Larios-Cede\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Cancerology Institute of Colima, Health Services of the Mexican Social Security Institute for Welfare (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Colima 28085, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan M.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Cancerology Institute of Colima, Health Services of the Mexican Social Security Institute for Welfare (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Colima 28085, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia G.","family":"Ceballos-Maga\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, University of Colima, Colima 28045, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-6020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayim","family":"Pineda-Urbina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Colima, Coquimatlan 28400, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4505-7892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario A.","family":"Alcal\u00e1-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7079-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Maga\u00f1a-Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Colima, Coquimatlan 28400, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josuel","family":"Delgado-Enciso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation for Ethics, Education, and Cancer Research of the State Cancer Institute of Colima AC, Colima 28085, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uriel","family":"D\u00edaz-Llerenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3295-4768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Diaz-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Minority Institutions, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University (FIU-RCMI), Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6307-1696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Idalia","family":"Garza-Veloz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1478-9068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita L.","family":"Martinez-Fierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5988-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iram P.","family":"Rodriguez-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular and Structural Physiology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza 66455, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9848-862X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Delgado-Enciso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"},{"name":"State Cancerology Institute of Colima, Health Services of the Mexican Social Security Institute for Welfare (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Colima 28085, Mexico"},{"name":"Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zubaidi, S.N., Mohd Nani, H., Ahmad Kamal, M.S., Abdul Qayyum, T., Maarof, S., Afzan, A., Mohmad Misnan, N., Hamezah, H.S., Baharum, S.N., and Mediani, A. 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