{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:10:57Z","timestamp":1781712657772,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program for Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["2024JC-YBQN-0181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-YBQN-0181"]}]},{"name":"Program for Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["ZK22-71"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK22-71"]}]},{"name":"Program for Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["NYKJ-2022-YL52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NYKJ-2022-YL52"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project of Yangling Vocational &amp; Technical College","award":["2024JC-YBQN-0181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-YBQN-0181"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project of Yangling Vocational &amp; Technical College","award":["ZK22-71"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK22-71"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Project of Yangling Vocational &amp; Technical College","award":["NYKJ-2022-YL52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NYKJ-2022-YL52"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Drive Project","award":["2024JC-YBQN-0181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-YBQN-0181"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Drive Project","award":["ZK22-71"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK22-71"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Drive Project","award":["NYKJ-2022-YL52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NYKJ-2022-YL52"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calf diarrhea is a prevalent and significant health issue in dairy farming, severely impacting feed intake, weight gain, and survival rates in young calves. This study aimed to investigate the microbial composition and antibiotic resistance profiles of diarrheic calves to provide insights into the epidemiology and management of the condition. The prevalence of diarrhea in 1685 calves was analyzed. Rectal fecal samples were collected from five healthy and five diarrheic Holstein calves on a large dairy farm in Shaanxi Province, China. High-throughput 16S-rRNA sequencing and PCR were utilized for microbial and resistance gene analysis. In 2023, the overall diarrhea rate among 1685 calves was 9.08%, with a significantly higher diarrhea rate during the suckling period (8.13%) compared to the post-weaning period (0.95%) (p &lt; 0.001). No differences in species diversity and richness were detected among the different groups. However, LEfSe analysis identified six genera (Eubacterium, Eubacteriaceae, Prevotella, Comamonadaceae, Comamonas, and Firmicutes) significantly enriched in diarrheic calves compared to healthy ones (LDA scores &gt; 2, p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, antibiotic resistance genes for quinolones, \u03b2-lactams, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides were detected, with significantly higher prevalence in diarrheic calves. These findings demonstrate distinct microbial and antibiotic resistance profiles between healthy and diarrheic calves, emphasizing the importance of microbial management in controlling calf diarrhea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]],"date-time":"2024-12-26T19:33:07Z","timestamp":1735241587000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gut Microbial Composition and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Dairy Calves with Diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of the Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Efficient Ruminant Breeding Technology of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi Province, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of the Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Efficient Ruminant Breeding Technology of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi Province, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ShaanXi Province Management Station of Animal Health and Slaughter, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Efficient Ruminant Breeding Technology of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi Province, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of the Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Efficient Ruminant Breeding Technology of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi Province, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of the Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Efficient Ruminant Breeding Technology of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi Province, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhencang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of the Prevention and Control for Animal Disease, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Efficient Ruminant Breeding Technology of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi Province, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huafeng","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Efficient Ruminant Breeding Technology of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi Province, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20389-5","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation of fecal microbiota transplantation for ameliorating calf diarrhea and improving growth performance","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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