{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:42:31Z","timestamp":1759970551936,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malignant melanoma of the tongue is a rare and highly aggressive neoplasm, constituting less than 2% of oral melanomas. Due to its rarity and atypical clinical presentation, diagnosis and management pose significant challenges. This study provides a scoping review of research on melanoma of the tongue to determine the available data on the epidemiology, clinical features, histopathological characteristics, treatment strategies, and outcomes of this malignancy. Our literature search identified papers published from 1941 to 2024, and 47 individual cases were analyzed. The mean age at diagnosis was 58.6 years, with a male predominance (58.1%). Lesions were most frequently located on the body and lateral borders of the tongue. A high percentage (38.5%) presented with distant metastases at diagnosis, commonly involving the lungs and brain. Histopathological examination highlighted spindle cell morphology in many cases, with immunohistochemical markers such as HMB-45 and S-100 proving essential for diagnosis. Wide local excision with or without neck dissection was the primary treatment, though recurrence rates remained high (20.5%). Despite aggressive management, overall outcomes were poor, reflecting the melanoma\u2019s advanced stage at diagnosis in most cases. This scoping review underscores the need for heightened clinical suspicion, particularly for pigmented or ulcerative lesions of the tongue. Early diagnosis, multidisciplinary management, and further research into the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying tongue melanoma are crucial to improve outcomes for this rare and aggressive disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15020191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T06:47:29Z","timestamp":1738046849000},"page":"191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Malignant Melanoma of the Tongue: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0117-346X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Guardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1985-0326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvise","family":"Sernicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2181-951X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Cantisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3828-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven Paul","family":"Nistic\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7222-2951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Pellacani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Clinical Internal Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santeufemia, D.A., Palmieri, G., Miolo, G., Colombino, M., Doro, M.G., Frogheri, L., Paliogiannis, P., Capobianco, G., Madonia, M., and Cossu, A. (2023). Current Trends in Mucosal Melanomas: An Overview. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051356"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.01.019","article-title":"Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck","volume":"112","author":"Ascierto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-017-0789-y","article-title":"Update from the 4th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours: Mucosal Melanomas","volume":"11","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Head Neck Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2024.101922","article-title":"A Ten-Year Literature Review of Oral Malignant Melanoma Cases: A Meta-Analysis Study","volume":"125","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.9.2370","article-title":"High-Dose Interferon Alfa-2b Significantly Prolongs Relapse-Free and Overall Survival Compared with the GM2-KLH\/QS-21 Vaccine in Patients with Resected Stage IIB-III Melanoma: Results of Intergroup Trial E1694\/S9512\/C509801","volume":"19","author":"Kirkwood","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12692","article-title":"Prognostic Factors of Oral Mucosal Melanoma: Histopathological Analysis in a Retrospective Cohort of 82 Cases","volume":"67","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_236_18","article-title":"Prevalence of Malignant Melanoma in Anatomical Sites of the Oral Cavity: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2011.11.034","article-title":"Oral Malignant Melanoma: Systematic Review of Literature and Report of Two Cases","volume":"116","author":"Mohan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"739","article-title":"Primary Mucosal Melanomas: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"5","author":"Mihajlovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"113","article-title":"Oral Malignant Melanoma: A Rare Case with Unusual Clinical Presentation","volume":"22","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29080","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16175","article-title":"Loss of Nuclear BAP1 Expression Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Oral Mucosal Melanoma","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Xia, R., Ma, X., Judson-Torres, R.L., and Zeng, H. (2021). Mucosal Melanoma: Pathological Evolution, Pathway Dependency and Targeted Therapy. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.702287"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"E309","article-title":"Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Tongue","volume":"52","author":"Khalifa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(99)70149-X","article-title":"Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Tongue","volume":"121","author":"Spiegel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/jasi.jasi_219_20","article-title":"Amelanotic Mucosal Melanoma of the Nasal Cavity","volume":"72","author":"Jaiprakash","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anat. Soc. India"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"146","article-title":"Poorly Differentiated Sinonasal Tract Malignancies: A Review Focusing on Recently Described Entities","volume":"52","author":"Agaimy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cesk. Patol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3586","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-024-04624-9","article-title":"Primary Malignant Melanoma of Tongue: Rare and Aggressive Malignant Tumor","volume":"76","author":"Arora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e452","article-title":"Functional Reconstruction after Subtotal Glossectomy in the Surgical Treatment of an Uncommon and Aggressive Neoplasm in This Location: Primary Malignant Melanoma in the Base of the Tongue","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0467-CR","article-title":"Primary Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Tongue","volume":"137","author":"Kraft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e50739","article-title":"A Rare Case of Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Tongue: A Case Report","volume":"15","author":"Seghrouchni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2008.057471","article-title":"Clear Cell Sarcoma of Tendons and Aponeuroses, and Osteoclast-Rich Tumour of the Gastrointestinal Tract with Features Resembling Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Parts: A Review and Update","volume":"63","author":"Kosemehmetoglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn, Z., Peters, M.D.J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., and Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic Review or Scoping Review? Guidance for Authors When Choosing between a Systematic or Scoping Review Approach. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050","article-title":"Guidance for Conducting Systematic Scoping Reviews","volume":"13","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(41)90153-8","article-title":"A Review of Malignant Melanoma of the Mouth: Report of a Case","volume":"51","author":"Baxter","year":"1941","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"231","article-title":"Malignant Melanoma of the Tongue","volume":"47","author":"Blackburn","year":"1951","journal-title":"Tex. State J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(1955)8:6<1167::AID-CNCR2820080613>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Melanoma of the Upper Respiratory Tract and Oral Cavity","volume":"8","author":"Moore","year":"1955","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/26.11.1341","article-title":"Juvenile Melanoma of the Tongue","volume":"26","author":"Aponte","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"91","article-title":"Malignant Melanomas of the Head and Neck","volume":"151","author":"Kragh","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"95","article-title":"Melanoma of the tongue. Apropos of a case","volume":"47","author":"Amoretti","year":"1962","journal-title":"An. Fac. Med. Univ. Repub. Montev. Urug."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800520703","article-title":"Malignant Melanoma of the Nose and Mouth","volume":"52","author":"Milton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196512)18:12<1641::AID-CNCR2820181219>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Tongue. A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"18","author":"Principato","year":"1965","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"219","article-title":"Melanoblastoma of the tongue","volume":"47","year":"1966","journal-title":"Rass. Trimest. Odontoiatr."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"5","article-title":"Primary melanoblastoma of the tongue during pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Kopec","year":"1966","journal-title":"Dtsch. Zahn Mund Kieferheilkd. Zentralbl. Gesamte"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.99.4.809","article-title":"Mucosal Melanomas of the Head and Neck","volume":"99","author":"Catlin","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol. Radium Ther. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197004)25:4<812::AID-CNCR2820250410>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Benign and Malignant Melanocytic Lesions of the Oral Mucosa. An Analysis of 135 Cases","volume":"25","author":"Trodahl","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"86","article-title":"Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Tongue\u2014A Case Report","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"1972","journal-title":"Indian J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197408)34:2<358::AID-CNCR2820340221>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Oral Cavity in Japan. With Special Reference to Mucosal Melanosis","volume":"34","author":"Takagi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"319","article-title":"Malignant Melanoma at Unusual Sites","volume":"21","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Chir. Acad. Sci. Hung."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"290","article-title":"Malignant Melanoma of the Tongue Following Low-Dose Radiation","volume":"109","author":"Kalemeris","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"371","article-title":"Primitive malignant melanoma of the base of the tongue","volume":"16","author":"Bovo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(97)90652-2","article-title":"Melanoma of the Tongue: Case Report","volume":"55","author":"Tanaka","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-996965","article-title":"Primary mucous membrane melanoma of the base of the tongue","volume":"77","author":"Folz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Laryngorhinootologie"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000027733","article-title":"Primary Malignant Melanoma Arising from the Base of the Tongue","volume":"62","author":"Misawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"ORL J. Otorhinolaryngol. Relat. Spec."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(00)00107-X","article-title":"Expression of Rb, pRb2\/P130, P53, and P16 Proteins in Malignant Melanoma of Oral Mucosa","volume":"37","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"764","article-title":"Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Tongue","volume":"25","author":"Chiu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-4356(03)00025-1","article-title":"Primary Malignant Melanoma Arising in the Dorsum of the Tongue","volume":"41","author":"Rowland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2003.12.007","article-title":"Oral Mucosal Melanoma: A Series of Case Reports","volume":"32","author":"Fasolis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0915-6992(08)80020-9","article-title":"Primary Malignant Melanoma Arising in the Dorsum of the Tongue","volume":"20","author":"Chikumaru","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.144.4.558-b","article-title":"Metastatic Melanoma of the Tongue Arising from Oral Melanosis","volume":"144","author":"Kaehler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-010-2233-4","article-title":"Primary malignant melanoma arising from the base of the tongue: A case report","volume":"59","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2013.09.011","article-title":"Oral Tongue Melanoma","volume":"112","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.110699","article-title":"Amelanotic Melanoma of the Tongue","volume":"17","author":"Venugopal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12299","article-title":"Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Tongue","volume":"64","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-015-0741-0","article-title":"Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for the Diagnosis of Metastatic Pleural Melanoma Originated from Oral Malignant Melanoma: Case Report and Comments","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e458","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003705","article-title":"Loco-Regional Control with Complete Resection and Tongue Reconstruction on the Malignant Melanoma in the Tongue","volume":"28","author":"Alkaff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"87","article-title":"Primary Oral Malignant Melanoma of the Tongue","volume":"131","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E26","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.25417","article-title":"Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma of the Oral Cavity Following Skin Graft Reconstruction: Case Report","volume":"41","author":"Mayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2018.09.001","article-title":"Primary Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Tongue and Surgical Reconstruction: About a Rare Case Report","volume":"64","author":"Baus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Chir. Plast. Esthet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/MTSM.MTSM_30_20","article-title":"Primary Malignant Melanoma at Base of the Tongue","volume":"5","author":"Swain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matrix Sci. Medica"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motiee-Langroudi, M., Farahzadi, A., and Aminishakib, P. (2021). Report of a Recurrent Tongue Malignant Melanoma and Review of Literature. Authorea Prepr.","DOI":"10.22541\/au.163869747.70031727\/v1"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896920946435","article-title":"Oral Amelanotic Melanomas: Clinicopathologic Features of 8 Cases and Review of the Literature","volume":"29","author":"Soares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2020.105075","article-title":"Amelanotic Melanoma Presenting as a Tongue Tumor","volume":"114","author":"Leite","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.31486\/toj.23.0094","article-title":"Primary Amelanotic Malignant Melanoma of the Tongue","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1974.00780030327001","article-title":"Melanoma of the Mucous Membranes of the Head and Neck","volume":"99","author":"Conley","year":"1974","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/00125480-200007030-00006","article-title":"Mucosal Melanomas: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Batsakis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"MMT11","DOI":"10.2217\/mmt-2018-0003","article-title":"Combatting Mucosal Melanoma: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Tyrrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Melanoma Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2021.01.026","article-title":"Melanoma of the Oral Cavity: A Silent Killer","volume":"62","author":"Aloua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-012-0575-8","article-title":"Spindle Cell Amelanotic Lesion of the Tongue: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge","volume":"75","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2022.02.002","article-title":"Oral Mucosal Melanoma\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"123","author":"Thuaire","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102870","article-title":"Effectiveness of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Other Treatment Modalities in Patients with Advanced Mucosal Melanomas: A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis","volume":"77","author":"Teo","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumaz, N., Jouenne, F., Delyon, J., Mourah, S., Bensussan, A., and Lebb\u00e9, C. (2019). Atypical BRAF and NRAS Mutations in Mucosal Melanoma. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11081133"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"35","article-title":"Treatment of KIT-Mutated Metastatic Mucosal Melanoma","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.08.015","article-title":"C-Kit Inhibitors for Unresectable or Metastatic Mucosal, Acral or Chronically Sun-Damaged Melanoma: A Systematic Review and One-Arm Meta-Analysis","volume":"157","author":"Steeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/2\/191\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:37:33Z","timestamp":1759919853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/2\/191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["life15020191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15020191","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-1729"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]}}}