{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:03:16Z","timestamp":1791644596690,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u2018VICTOR BABES\u2019 UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY TIMISOARA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), or Graves\u2019 orbitopathy (GO), is a complex autoimmune disorder affecting orbital tissues, often leading to vision-threatening complications such as dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON). In this systematic review, conducted following PRISMA guidelines, 22 studies were evaluated to investigate the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in assessing retinal and choroidal changes in TAO. Parameters such as the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and choroidal thickness were analyzed. RNFL changes varied by disease severity, with significant thinning in DON due to nerve fiber loss and thickening in early DON due to optic disk edema. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was consistently higher in active TAO, correlating positively with the clinical activity score (CAS) and proptosis, suggesting its role as a marker of disease activity. Subgroup analysis revealed that spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) was the most sensitive for detecting retinal changes. The findings highlight the effectiveness of OCT in detecting minor retinal and choroidal alterations in TAO. However, the variability of study designs, as well as the lack of longitudinal data, limits the ability to draw broad conclusions. Further standardized, long-term investigations are required to properly understand OCT\u2019s diagnostic and prognostic value in TAO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15020293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T05:10:22Z","timestamp":1739423422000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Retinal and Choroidal Alterations in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alexandra Magdalena","family":"Ioana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embriology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6019-9734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Andrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Balneology, Medical Rehabilitation and Rheumatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2468-6003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Iacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorin Lucian","family":"Bolintineanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embriology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2020.1776331","article-title":"Clinical Management and Therapeutic Strategies for the Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: Current and Future Perspectives","volume":"45","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. 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