{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T15:16:02Z","timestamp":1786374962706,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alport syndrome (AS) is one of the most common monogenic kidney disorders. Recent studies have highlighted the modifier effect of variants involving podocyte and non-collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in AS. Methods: We report a case series of eight patients with genetically proven AS and simultaneous variants involving podocyte and non-collagenous ECM proteins. Our aim is to describe the influence of such variants on the phenotype of patients with AS. Results: We identified 10 different type IV collagen variants. Patients were diagnosed with autosomal dominant (3\/8), autosomal recessive (2\/8), digenic (2\/8) and X-linked AS (1\/8). There were eight different variants involving podocyte and non-collagenous ECM proteins. The genes involved were CRB2, LAMA5, LAMB2, NUP107, MYO1E and PLCE1. Four patients (LAMB2, LAMA5 and PLCE1 variants) presented with nephrotic syndrome or nephrotic range proteinuria. Two patients had hearing loss. Most patients (7\/8) had a family history of kidney disease. Two patients (LAMB2 and LAMA5 variants) were diagnosed with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Two patients developed end-stage kidney disease (LAMA5, MYO1E and NUP107 variants). Conclusions: Although mutations of podocyte and ECM proteins do not have phenotypic expression in monoallelic form, the presence of such variants could explain the phenotypic variability of AS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15020298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T06:52:01Z","timestamp":1739515921000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Candidate Genetic Modifiers in Alport Syndrome: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6594-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0218tefan Nicolaie","family":"Lujinschi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 3, Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan Marian","family":"Sorohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 3, Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Obri\u0219c\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 3, Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0770-3684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Vrabie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 3, Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Rusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 3, Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Zili\u0219teanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 3, Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camelia","family":"Achim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 3, Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5590-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea Gabriella","family":"Andronesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 3, Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gener","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 3, Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2023.100631","article-title":"Alport Syndrome: Clinical Spectrum and Therapeutic Advances","volume":"5","author":"Caparali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012020148","article-title":"Expert Guidelines for the Management of Alport Syndrome and Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy","volume":"24","author":"Savige","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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