{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:02:07Z","timestamp":1792461727025,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]],"date-time":"2025-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), now known as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), has induced significant treatment breakthroughs in the past decade. Treatment has focused on improving patient survival and quality of life, and delaying disease progression. Current therapies are categorized based on targeting different pathways known to contribute to PAH, including endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs), phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5 inhibitors), prostacyclin analogs, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators, and activin signaling inhibitors such as Sotatercept. The latest addition to treatment options is soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators, such as Riociguat, which directly stimulates the nitric oxide pathway, facilitating vasodilation. Looking to the future, advancements in PAH treatment focus on precision medicine involving the sub-stratification of patients through a deep characterization of altered Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2(TGF-\u03b2) signaling and molecular therapies. Gene therapy, targeting specific genetic mutations linked to PAH, and cell-based therapies, such as mesenchymal stem cells, are under investigation. Besides prevailing therapies, emerging PH treatments target growth factors and inflammation-modulating pathways, with ongoing trials assessing their long-term benefits and safety. Hence, this review explores current therapies that delay progression and improve survival, as well as future treatments with curative potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15030430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T08:46:41Z","timestamp":1741596401000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Current Strategies and Future Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Munish","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Baylor Scott and White, Temple, TX 76508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4734-2888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek","family":"Paudyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Chandannath 21200, Jumla, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saifullah Khalid","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubi","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice and Emergency Medicine, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Chandannath 21200, Jumla, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Kassam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Nairobi 30270, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7105-4266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salim","family":"Surani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Pharmacy, Texas A&M, College Station, TX 77840, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200879","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00879-2022","article-title":"2022 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"61","author":"Humbert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. 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