{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:01:02Z","timestamp":1779112862913,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of Leipzig University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain injury and cerebral inflammation are frequent complications following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) resulting in neurocognitive dysfunction, encephalopathy, or stroke. We compared cerebral inflammation induced by del Nido and histidine-tryptophan-\u03b1-ketoglutarate (HTK) cardioplegia in a porcine model. Pigs underwent 90 min cardiac arrest using HTK (n = 9) or Jonosteril\u00ae-based del Nido cardioplegia (n = 9), followed by a 120 min reperfusion. Brain biopsies were collected and analyzed for the mRNA and protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 (HIF-1\u03b1) and cytokines. HTK induced a decrease in blood sodium, chloride, and calcium concentration (cross-clamp aorta: psodium &lt; 0.01, pchloride &lt; 0.01, pcalcium &lt; 0.01; 90 min ischemia: psodium &lt; 0.01, pchloride &lt; 0.01, pcalcium = 0.03) compared to the more stable physiological electrolyte concentrations during del Nido cardioplegia. Hyponatremia and hypochloremia persisted after a 120 min reperfusion in the HTK group (psodium &lt; 0.01, pchloride = 0.04). Compared to del Nido, a higher mRNA expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1\u03b2 was detected in the frontal cortex (HTK: \u2206Ct 6.5 \u00b1 1.7; del Nido: \u2206Ct 8.8 \u00b1 1.5, p = 0.01) and the brain stem (HTK: \u2206Ct 5.7 \u00b1 1.5; del Nido: \u2206Ct 7.5 \u00b1 1.6, p = 0.02) of the HTK group. In conclusion, we showed comparability of HTK and del Nido for cerebral inflammation except for IL-1\u03b2 expression. Based on our study results, we conclude that del Nido cardioplegia is a suitable and safe alternative to the conventional HTK solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15030451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T06:53:00Z","timestamp":1741848780000},"page":"451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cerebral Inflammation in an Animal Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Model Comparing Histidine-Tryptophan-\u03b1-Ketoglutarate and Del Nido Cardioplegia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kristin","family":"Klaeske","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Helios Clinic, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja-Theresa","family":"Dieterlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Helios Clinic, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jagdip","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Helios Clinic, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Detzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Helios Clinic, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Ginther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Helios Clinic, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5218-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susann","family":"Ossmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Helios Clinic, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1046-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Borger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Helios Clinic, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Helios Clinic, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1011-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandro A.","family":"Hoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Helios Clinic, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, 04289 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2007.09.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of cerebral injury from cardiac surgery","volume":"24","author":"Hogue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. 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