{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:01:46Z","timestamp":1791820906187,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Administration of Sport of China, National Team Science and Technology Support Youth Project","award":["24QN022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24QN022"]}]},{"name":"General Administration of Sport of China, National Team Science and Technology Support Youth Project","award":["20232000623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232000623"]}]},{"name":"Research on Training Load Distribution and Competitive State Regulation Methods of Elite Chinese Ski Mountaineers","award":["24QN022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24QN022"]}]},{"name":"Research on Training Load Distribution and Competitive State Regulation Methods of Elite Chinese Ski Mountaineers","award":["20232000623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232000623"]}]},{"name":"General Administration of Sport of China, Commissioned Research Project","award":["24QN022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24QN022"]}]},{"name":"General Administration of Sport of China, Commissioned Research Project","award":["20232000623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232000623"]}]},{"name":"Comprehensive Technological Support for Training Monitoring of the National Luge Training Team","award":["24QN022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24QN022"]}]},{"name":"Comprehensive Technological Support for Training Monitoring of the National Luge Training Team","award":["20232000623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232000623"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eccentric training may be more effective for muscle strength, but the optimal duration, intensity, and contraction velocity for improving upper limb strength remain unclear. We conducted a search across four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane) to evaluate the impact of eccentric training on upper limb skeletal muscle strength. A meta-analysis using standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was performed. The results from 11 studies involving 368 participants indicated that eccentric training significantly enhanced upper limb strength (SMD = 0.55, CI: 0.32\u20130.79). Subgroup analysis showed a slight increase in strength in the 1\u20134 week period (SMD = 0.38, CI: 0.02\u20130.73), a significant increase in the 4\u20138 week period (SMD = 0.69, CI: 0.27\u20131.10), and a substantial increase at 20 weeks (SMD = 0.71, CI: 0.22\u20131.21). Moderate intensity showed moderate improvements (SMD = 0.47, CI: 0.18\u20130.77), while high intensity led to significant adaptations (SMD = 0.70, CI: 0.30\u20131.10). Rapid eccentric contractions (SMD = 0.70, CI: 0.39\u20131.02) outperformed slow contractions (SMD = 0.35, CI: \u22120.01\u20130.71). Eccentric training is effective, with significant results generally requiring 4\u20138 weeks of high-intensity rapid eccentric training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15030456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T06:53:00Z","timestamp":1741848780000},"page":"456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of Eccentric Training with Different Durations, Intensities, and Contraction Velocities on Upper Limb Muscle Strength: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Emerging Interdisciplinary Platform for Medicine and Engineering in Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7874-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Emerging Interdisciplinary Platform for Medicine and Engineering in Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongxue","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Emerging Interdisciplinary Platform for Medicine and Engineering in Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-3138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoke","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Emerging Interdisciplinary Platform for Medicine and Engineering in Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Emerging Interdisciplinary Platform for Medicine and Engineering in Sports, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04552-5","article-title":"Reach&Grasp: A multimodal dataset of the whole upper-limb during simple and complex movements","volume":"12","author":"Forsiuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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