{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:51:05Z","timestamp":1789807865852,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]],"date-time":"2025-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wroclaw Medical University","award":["ZR 2023-149.11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR 2023-149.11"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In contemporary dentistry, laser-based interventions have become one of the mainstays of care for patients with oral biofilm diseases, such as candidiasis, periodontal disease and peri-implantitis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Er:YAG laser (LightWalker, Ljubljana, Fotona, Slovenia) irradiation at varying irradiance levels (T1: 11.3 W\/cm2 and T2: 120.54 W\/cm2) on microbial viability in single- and dual-species biofilm models, focusing on Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Streptococcus mutans, to address challenges in managing complex oral biofilms in clinically relevant settings. The results showed substantial microbial reduction, with C. albicans being the most susceptible microorganism (93\u201399.9%), while C. glabrata exhibited marked resistance at higher irradiance levels. Interestingly, S. mutans demonstrated varying reductions based on the biofilm composition, highlighting the influence of microbial interactions. This study concluded that the Er:YAG laser effectively reduced biofilm viability, with its efficacy depending on the microbial composition and irradiance settings. These findings highlight the need for tailored erbium laser parameters to optimize clinical outcomes, underscoring the need for individualized polymicrobial biofilm management, particularly in periodontal and peri-implant therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15030474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T08:57:02Z","timestamp":1742201822000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Antibacterial Effects of Er:YAG Laser Irradiation on Candida\u2013Streptococcal Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6109-6809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Grzech-Le\u015bniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Pyrkosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9078-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagoda","family":"Szwach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Kosid\u0142o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3801-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Matys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Laboratory, Dental Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5673-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Wiench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9881-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Paj\u0105czkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4001-4189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Nowicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Dominiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Laboratory, Dental Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5700-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Grzech-Le\u015bniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Laboratory, Dental Surgery Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University VCU, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koo, H., Andes, D.R., and Krysan, D.J. 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