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Given the heterogeneity of trauma, varied models must be utilized to guide ongoing investigation. We sought to determine exactly what happens during the \u2018golden hour\u2019 by varying hemorrhage and down times and mimicking venous or arterial bleeding while varying oxygen therapy, a readily available pre-hospital intervention, on survival in a small-animal rodent model. Methods: Rats were bled by 40% of their blood volume over 30 or 60 min, with varied \u2018down-times\u2019 of 30, 45, or 60 min. FiO2 was administered at 21% or 40%, mimicking nasal cannula. Multiple linear regression was performed between the independent variables and each measured outcome. Sub-group analyses were stratified by survival. Results: There was no statistically significant variation in end-organ insult (lactate), cardiac functioning (cardiac output or left ventricle fractional area of change), mean arterial pressure at end experiment, survival, or survival times among the groups. Conclusions: This study adds to the data against an all-encompassing golden hour, as even a rapid hemorrhage with long down time did not decrease survival. Furthermore, we add to the body of literature in this field by examining cardiac markers of injury with transthoracic echocardiography.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T13:48:20Z","timestamp":1742824100000},"page":"522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Time Variable Models of Severe Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3313-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Barajas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0627-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuro","family":"Oyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam J. K.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masakazu","family":"Shiota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6228-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8748-5757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias L.","family":"Riess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/cmi.cmi_61_19","article-title":"Early Management of Trauma: The Golden Hour","volume":"18","author":"Abhilash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Issues"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.08.043","article-title":"The golden hour in trauma: Dogma or medical folklore?","volume":"46","author":"Rogers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00201.x","article-title":"The golden hour: Scientific fact or medical \u201curban legend\u201d?","volume":"8","author":"Lerner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001727","article-title":"Reexamination of a Battlefield Trauma Golden Hour Policy","volume":"84","author":"Howard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Cap, A., Gurney, J., and Spinella, P. (2025, March 11). Damage Control Resuscitation. Joint Trauma System Clinical Practice Guideline 2019. Available online: https:\/\/jts.health.mil\/index.cfm\/PI_CPGs\/cpgs."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1097\/XCS.0000000000000695","article-title":"Optimal Prehospital Crystalloid Resuscitation Volume in Trauma Patients at Risk for Hemorrhagic Shock","volume":"237","author":"Deeb","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001290","DOI":"10.1136\/tsaco-2023-001290","article-title":"Crystalloid resuscitation is associated with decreased treatment delays and improved systolic blood pressures in a blood-constrained setting","volume":"9","author":"Mark","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma Surg. Acute Care Open"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/01.shk.0000191387.18818.43","article-title":"Preclinical Models of Traumatic, Hemorrhagic Shock","volume":"24","author":"Hauser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9572(01)00453-1","article-title":"Extending the golden hour of hemorrhagic shock tolerance with oxygen plus hypothermia in awake rats.: An exploratory study","volume":"52","author":"Leonov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9572(95)00829-I","article-title":"Uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock outcome model in rats","volume":"29","author":"Capone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munoz, C., Aletti, F., Govender, K., Cabrales, P., and Kistler, E.B. (2020). Resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock in the microcirculation: Targeting optimal oxygen delivery in the design of artificial blood substitutes. Front. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.585638"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1576-3","article-title":"Progressive hemorrhage: Administer oxygen or early resuscitation?","volume":"35","author":"Douzinas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barajas, M.B., Oyama, T., Shiota, M., Li, Z., Zaum, M., Zecevic, I., and Riess, M.L. (2024). Ischemic Post-Conditioning in a Rat Model of Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13121047"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200209000-00013","article-title":"Divergent effects of oxygen therapy in four models of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock","volume":"18","author":"Sukhotnik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"183","article-title":"Oxygen therapy in hemorrhagic shock","volume":"33","author":"Bitterman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Circ. Shock."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1032","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00498.2019","article-title":"Video laryngoscopic oral intubation in rats: A simple and effective method","volume":"318","author":"Balzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"72","article-title":"Blood volume in the rat","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Nucl. 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Ed.)"}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/4\/522\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:58:24Z","timestamp":1760029104000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/4\/522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["life15040522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15040522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]}}}