{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:44:13Z","timestamp":1760031853689,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010067","name":"Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B61_23D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B61_23D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010067","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Adequate hamstring flexibility is crucial for musculoskeletal health as increased muscle tone can lead to stretch-type injuries, muscle weakness, dysfunctional neuromuscular control, postural changes, and lower back pain. The aim was to compare the effectiveness of a program based on Electrical Muscle Elongation (EME), Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF), and no intervention in improving flexibility and viscoelastic properties of hamstring and quadriceps muscles in active young adults with functional hamstring disorder (type 2B according to the Munich Consensus). Methods: Sixty-five participants (45 male, 20 female) were randomly assigned to three groups: the EME group (n = 21) received a simultaneous combination of interferential current and stretching, the PNF group (n = 22) underwent active stretching, and the Control group (n = 22) received no intervention. Hamstring and quadricep flexibility and muscle stiffness were measured in both limbs at baseline, post-intervention, and at the 4-week follow-up. Results: The EME group showed significant improvements in hamstring flexibility in the left limb compared to the Control group and in some myotonometric variables of the quadriceps muscle compared to the PNF and Control groups (p &lt; 0.05). Within-groups differences indicated higher improvements in the EME group. Conclusions: This study suggests that EME may offer greater benefits than PNF stretching in young adults with functional hamstring disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T13:48:20Z","timestamp":1742824100000},"page":"523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of Electrical Muscle Elongation and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Programs on Muscle Flexibility and Stiffness in Young Adults with Functional Hamstring Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial with 4-Week Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2889-2226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Arag\u00f3n Health Research Institute, 50009 Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2505-8861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Fort\u00fan-Rabad\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3039-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Carpallo-Porcar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Arag\u00f3n Health Research Institute, 50009 Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Cordova-Alegre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Jorge, 50830 Villanueva de G\u00e1llego, Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Arag\u00f3n Health Research Institute, 50009 Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2685-7593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Espejo-Ant\u00fanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical-Surgical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Ortiz-Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104936","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of hamstring injuries in field-based team sports: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 5952 injuries from over 7 million exposure hours","volume":"57","author":"Maniar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. 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