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In this study, we analyzed herbicide-related metagenomic data to assess the impact of herbicide exposure on ARGs and microbial populations. Our results demonstrate that herbicide application significantly increased the abundance of ARGs, particularly those associated with multidrug resistance, sulfonamides, and bacitracin, with notable increases in subtypes such as bacA and sul1. Microbial community analyses revealed a dominance of Pseudomonadota and Actinomycetota, along with a significant down-regulation of genera like Fibrisoma, Gilsonvirus, Limnobacter, and Wilnyevirus in the experimental group. Additionally, herbicide exposure led to a marked reduction in biodiversity. When threshold values were relaxed, correlation analyses revealed a co-occurrence pattern between multiple genes and sul1, suggesting that horizontal gene transfer plays a pivotal role in the spread of antibiotic resistance in herbicide-contaminated soils. Moreover, environmental factors were found to significantly influence both microbial community composition and ARG distribution. These findings highlight the complex ecological effects of herbicides on microbial diversity and the dissemination of resistance genes, emphasizing the need for further research into the long-term environmental and public health implications of herbicide use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T06:06:35Z","timestamp":1743141995000},"page":"547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring the Ecological Impacts of Herbicides on Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Microbial Communities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoli","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An-Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Health Emergency, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam, A., Al-Amin, Y., Salam, M.T., Pawar, J.S., Akhter, N., Rabaan, A.A., and Alqumber, M.A.A. 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