{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:50:05Z","timestamp":1791921005160,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are among the persistent organic pollutants characterized by their persistence in the environment, high mobility, and adverse impact not only on the ecosystem but also on human health. The biggest challenges in human biomonitoring are the low concentrations of PFASs in biological matrices and the presence of matrix interferents in samples. The combination of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) as a sample preparation technique appears to be the most suitable solution for achieving the desired selectivity and sensitivity in PFAS determination. The aim of this review is to describe possible sources of PFASs, their presence in various human matrices, analytical methods for determining PFASs in different biological matrices using various pretreatment techniques for complex samples, as well as adverse health risks associated with PFAS exposure. The most studied PFASs include PFOA and PFOS, which are most frequently detected in matrices such as plasma, serum, and breast milk. The average concentrations of PFOA range from 1.0 to 2.6 ng.mL\u22121 in plasma, 1.9 to 2.4 ng.mL\u22121 in serum, and 0.4 to 3.1 ng.mL\u22121 in breast milk. For PFOS, the average concentrations were 2.0\u20134.0 ng.mL\u22121, 3.7\u20134.6 ng.mL\u22121, and 3.6\u20134.8 ng.mL\u22121 for plasma, serum, and breast milk, respectively. The most significant health effects associated with exposure to long-chain PFASs (such as PFOA and PFOS) include lipid disorders, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, infertility, cancer, obesity, autism, neurodevelopmental issues, cardiovascular diseases, and kidney and liver disorders. It is of utmost importance to monitor PFAS exposure, predict their toxicity, and develop effective strategies to mitigate their potential effects on human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T07:47:44Z","timestamp":1743580064000},"page":"573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Health Impacts of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9662-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Csilla","family":"Mi\u0161\u013eanov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Professional Health Studies, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3110-6417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Valachovi\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Professional Health Studies, Slovak Medical University, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-024-01916-5","article-title":"Environmental occurrence and assessment of organic pollutants in surface sediments of South Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"46","author":"Alkhadher","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-01114-7","article-title":"Spatial monitoring and health risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental matrices from an industrialized impacted canal in South Africa","volume":"44","author":"Ohoro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohoro, C.R., Adeniji, A.O., Semerjian, L., Okoh, A.I., and Okoh, O.O. (2022). Occurrence and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface water and sediment of Nahoon River Estuary. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030832"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"EU (2006). Directive 2006\/122\/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 12. Off. J. Eur. Union L, 32\u201334."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"UNEP (2025, January 15). 2009. Decision SC-4\/17. Listing of Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid, Its Salts and Perfluorooctane Sulfonyl Fluoride. UNEP-POPS-COP.4-SC-4-17. Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Geneva, Switzerland. Available online: http:\/\/chm.pops.int\/TheConvention\/ConferenceoftheParties\/ReportsandDecisions\/tabid\/208\/Default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"UNEP (2025, January 15). 2019. Decision SC-9\/12. Listing of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), Its Salts and PFOA-Related Compounds. UNEP-POPS-COP.9-SC-9-12. Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Geneva, Switzerland. Available online: http:\/\/chm.pops.int\/TheConvention\/ConferenceoftheParties\/Meetings\/COP9\/tabid\/7521\/ItemId\/7235\/Default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"UNEP (2025, January 15). 2022. Decision SC-10\/13. Perfluorohexane Sulfonic Acid (PFHxS), its Salts and PFHxS-Related Compounds. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), ed. SC-10\/13. Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Geneva, Switzerland. Available online: http:\/\/chm.pops.int\/TheConvention\/ThePOPs\/TheNewPOPs\/tabid\/2511\/Default.aspx."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.258","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins","volume":"7","author":"Buck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.4450","article-title":"Identification and classification of commercially relevant per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)","volume":"17","author":"Buck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2023.100795","article-title":"The universe of fluorinated polymers and polymeric substances and potential environmental impacts and concerns","volume":"41","author":"Lohmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Green. Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/15320383.2018.1562420","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA): Environmental Sources, Chemistry, Toxicology, and Potential Risks","volume":"28","author":"Teaf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil. Sediment. Contam."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.12.186","article-title":"The overlooked short- and ultrashort-chain poly- and perfluorinated substances: A review","volume":"220","author":"Ateia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113691","article-title":"Association of emerging and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion","volume":"239","author":"Nian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8386","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01648","article-title":"Alternative and Legacy Perfluoroalkyl Substances: Differences between European and Chinese River\/Estuary Systems","volume":"49","author":"Heydebreck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.12.014","article-title":"ADONA and perfluoroalkylated substances in plasma samples of German blood donors living in South Germany","volume":"220","author":"Fromme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109402","article-title":"A review of sources, multimedia distribution and health risks of novel fluorinated alternatives","volume":"182","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05849","article-title":"Human Exposure and Elimination Kinetics of Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonic Acids (Cl-PFESAs)","volume":"50","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105419","article-title":"Legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and alternatives (short-chain analogues, F-53B, GenX and FC-98) in residential soils of China: Present implications of replacing legacy PFASs","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.08.021","article-title":"Fluorinated alternatives to long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and their potential precursors","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"631","article-title":"PFAS Exposure Pathways for Humans and Wildlife: A Synthesis of Current Knowledge and Key Gaps in Understanding","volume":"40","author":"Armitage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107149","article-title":"Human exposure pathways to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from indoor media: A systematic review","volume":"162","author":"DeLuca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meegoda, J.N., Kewalramani, J.A., Li, B., and Marsh, R.W. (2020). A Review of the Applications, Environmental Release, and Remediation Technologies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218117"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126361","article-title":"Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as a contaminant of emerging concern in surface water: A transboundary review of their occurrences and toxicity effects","volume":"419","author":"Podder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166764","article-title":"Physicochemical properties and interactions of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)\u2014Challenges and opportunities in sensing and remediation","volume":"5","author":"Leung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115381","article-title":"Removal of poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water by adsorption: Role of PFAS chain length, effect of organic matter and challenges in adsorbent regeneration","volume":"171","author":"Gagliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.107201","article-title":"Properties and fate and transport of persistent and mobile polar organic water pollutants: A review","volume":"10","author":"Christensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121579","article-title":"Transport behavior difference and transport model of long- and short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in underground environmental media: A review","volume":"327","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139965","article-title":"Expanding the applicability domain of QSPRs for predicting water solubility and vapor pressure of PFAS","volume":"340","author":"Sosnowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132409","article-title":"Occurrence of legacy and emerging poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances in water: A case study in Tianjin (China)","volume":"287","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1039\/D1EM00329A","article-title":"Surface-water\/groundwater boundaries affect seasonal PFAS concentrations and PFAA precursor transformations","volume":"23","author":"Tokranov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process Impacts"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2024.117040","article-title":"Effect of physicochemical parameters on the occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aquatic environment","volume":"208","author":"Ohoro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0094-1","article-title":"A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass) and present understanding of health effects","volume":"29","author":"Sunderland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ.Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.20517\/jeea.2024.08","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in powdered infant formula: Potential exposures and health risks","volume":"3","author":"Bogdan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Expo. Assess."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.115042","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in breast milk and infant formula: A global issue","volume":"219","author":"LaKind","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151003","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution","volume":"809","author":"Kurwadkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci.Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4890","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance toxicity and human health review: Current state of knowledge and strategies for informing future research","volume":"40","author":"Fenton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12815","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-32082-x","article-title":"PFAS: Exploration of neurotoxicity and environmental impact","volume":"31","author":"Nannaware","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"259","article-title":"Characterization and dermal bioaccessibility of residual- and listed PFAS ingredients in cosmetic products","volume":"26","author":"Namazkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.10.045","article-title":"Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: A review","volume":"50","author":"Rahman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143372","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in floor dust from different indoor environments in Australia: Levels, variation, and human exposure risks","volume":"366","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.04.058","article-title":"Concentration of perfluorinated compounds and cotinine in human foetal organs, placenta, and maternal plasma","volume":"596\u2013597","author":"Mamsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116054","article-title":"Associations of prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and fetal sex hormones in the Guangxi Zhuang Birth Cohort Study: Greater effect of long-chain PFAS","volume":"272","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.11.007","article-title":"Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and child behaviour at 5 to 9 years of age","volume":"101","author":"Bondea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105952","article-title":"Exposure to elevated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy is related to increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A nested casecontrol study in Shanghai, China","volume":"143","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176941","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Evidence and future directions","volume":"955","author":"Bharal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148987","article-title":"Remediation and mineralization processes for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water: A review","volume":"794","author":"Verma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxmate.2023.100077","article-title":"Photodegradation and photocatalysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): A review of recent progress","volume":"2","author":"Verma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Next Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109117","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): Trends in mass spectrometric analysis for human biomonitoring and exposure patterns from recent global cohort studies","volume":"194","author":"Kee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EM00077A","article-title":"Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China","volume":"22","author":"Awad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117754","article-title":"Advancements in detection techniques for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A comprehensive review","volume":"176","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":".Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03762-1","article-title":"Development and validation of an LC-MS\/MS method for the quantitation of 30 legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human plasma, including HFPO-DA, DONA, and cC6O4","volume":"414","author":"Frigerio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-024-05125-y","article-title":"PFAS ghosts: How to identify, evaluate, and exorcise new and existing analytical interference","volume":"416","author":"Bangma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/10408347.2014.980775","article-title":"Biological Matrix Effects in Quantitative Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Methods: Advancing Biomonitoring","volume":"46","author":"Panuwet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2022.123484","article-title":"On-line solid phase extraction\u2013ultra high performance liquid chromatography\u2013quadrupole\/Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human serum","volume":"1212","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114654","article-title":"Associations of perfluoroalkyl substances with adipocytokines in umbilical cord serum: A mixtures approach","volume":"216","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2023.117351","article-title":"Tracing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the aquatic environment: Target analysis and beyond","volume":"169","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2016.01.039","article-title":"Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of fluoroalkyl sulfonates in riverine water by liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"1435","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.02.024","article-title":"Towards a Comprehensive Analytical Workflow for the Chemical Characterisation of Organofluorine in Consumer Products and Environmental Samples","volume":"123","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14617","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03345","article-title":"Comprehensive Exposure Studies of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the General Population: Target, Nontarget Screening, and Toxicity Prediction","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149316","article-title":"Serum perfluoroalkyl substances and breast breastrisk in Japanese women: A case-control study","volume":"800","author":"Itoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159923","article-title":"Association between serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances and global DNA methylation levels in peripheral blood leukocytes of Japanese women: A crosssectional study","volume":"859","author":"Itoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2023.109667","article-title":"A review on extraction, analytical and rapid detection techniques of Per\/Poly fluoro alkyl substances in different matrices","volume":"196","author":"Dhiman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Giorgi, A., Maida, N.L., Taoussi, O., Pichini, S., Busard\u00f3, F.P.B., Tini, A., and Di Trana, A. (2023). Analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in conventional and unconventional matrices: Clinical outcomes. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 1.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpbao.2023.100002"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2021.462335","article-title":"Ion exchange solid phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography\/laminar flow tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of perfluoroalkyl substances in water samples","volume":"1651","author":"Olomukoro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142697","article-title":"Determination and assessment of human dietary intake of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances in retail dairy milk and infant formula from South Africa","volume":"755","author":"Macheka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, N.I., Becanova, J., and Lohmann, R. (2022). A sensitive method for the detection of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in dairy milk. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 414.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03575-2"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2024.03.026","article-title":"Investigating the sources and fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in food waste compost","volume":"180","author":"Timshina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drage, D.S., Sharkey, M., Berresheim, H., Coggins, M., and Harrad, S. (2023). Rapid determination of selected PFAS in textiles entering the waste stream. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11010055"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1039\/D3AY00083D","article-title":"Determination of 21 per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in paper- and cardboard-based food contact materials by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"15","author":"Miralles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138103","article-title":"Fluorine and nitrogen functionalized magnetic graphene as a novel adsorbent for extraction of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances from water and functional beverages followed by HPLC-Orbitrap HRMS determination","volume":"723","author":"Xian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.122214","article-title":"New deep eutectic solvent based superparamagnetic nanofluid for determination of perfluoroalkyl substances in edible oils","volume":"228","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131775","article-title":"Determination of 56 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in top predators and their prey from Northern Europe by LC-MS\/MS","volume":"287","author":"Androulakakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.178240","article-title":"A systematic review for non-targeted analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)","volume":"960","author":"Megson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140433","article-title":"Analytical methods employed in the identification and quantification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human matrices\u2014A scoping review","volume":"345","author":"Comito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121504","article-title":"Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy, risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, potential pathways, and influencing factors in pregnant women: A nested case-control study","volume":"326","author":"Zang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129908","article-title":"Distribution of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and their precursors in human blood","volume":"441","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2023.464481","article-title":"Optimization for the analysis of 42 per- and polyfluorinated substances in human plasma: A high-throughput method for epidemiological studies","volume":"1712","author":"Abilleira","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137525","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in cord serum of newborns and their potential factors","volume":"313","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164724","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in pregnancy and breastfeeding duration in Project Viva","volume":"891","author":"Rokoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116064","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"231","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.130163","article-title":"Occurrences of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in human milk in China: Results of the third National Human Milk Survey (2017\u20132020)","volume":"443","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahfouz, M., Harmouche-Karaki, M., Matta, J., Mahfouz, Y., Salameh, P., Younes, H., Helou, K., Finan, R., Abi-Tayeh, G., and Meslimani, M. (2023). Maternal Serum, Cord and Human Milk Levels of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), Association with Predictors and Effect on Newborn Anthropometry. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11050455"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.125233","article-title":"Association between serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances levels and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"363","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97004","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13617","article-title":"Maternal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Offspring Chromosomal Abnormalities: The Japan Environment and Children\u2019s Study","volume":"132","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.171305","article-title":"Associations between serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances as mixtures and lipid levels: A cross-sectional study in Jinan","volume":"923","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2023.464522","article-title":"Validating blood microsampling for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances quantification in whole blood","volume":"1713","author":"Partington","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2024.114359","article-title":"Plasma per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance mixtures during pregnancy and duration of breastfeeding in the New Hampshire birth cohort study","volume":"258","author":"Romano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170761","article-title":"Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and thyroid hormone levels in the elderly","volume":"920","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173157","article-title":"Association of diet with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in plasma and human milk in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study","volume":"933","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108719","article-title":"The effect of per and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure on gestational diabetes mellitus and its subclinical risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol","volume":"187","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133501","article-title":"Profiles and transplacental transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in maternal and umbilical cord blood: A birth cohort study in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"466","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136138","article-title":"A novel high-throughput quantitative method for the determination of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in human plasma based on UHPLC-Q\/Orbitrap HRMS coupled with isotope internal standard","volume":"480","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.136780","article-title":"Sensitive and accurate determination of 32 PFAS in human serum using online SPE-UHPLC-HRMS","volume":"485","author":"Belay","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2024.114509","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in paired serum and breastmilk samples among pregnant farmworkers in Thailand","volume":"264","author":"Eick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5484","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c05354","article-title":"Quantitation of Total PFAS Including Trifluoroacetic Acid with Fluorine NuclearMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","volume":"95","author":"Camdzic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hazl.2021.100023","article-title":"Total and class-specific analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in environmental samples using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy","volume":"2","author":"Camdzic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teac.2023.e00198","article-title":"Current and emerging analytical techniques for the determination of PFAS in environmental samples","volume":"37","author":"Rehman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tren. Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.07.009","article-title":"New approach for assessing human perfluoroalkyl exposure via hair","volume":"144","author":"Alves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10578","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c02001","article-title":"Levels, spatial distribution, and impact factors of heavy metals in the hair of metropolitan residents in China and human health implications","volume":"55","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106481","article-title":"Hair versus urine for the biomonitoring of pesticide exposure: Results from a pilot cohort study on pregnant women","volume":"152","author":"Hardy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164341","article-title":"Human hair as a noninvasive matrix to assess exposure to micro-organic contaminants: State of the art review","volume":"892","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2011.10.021","article-title":"Hair analysis for biomonitoring of environmental and occupational exposure to organic pollutants: State of the art, critical review and future needs","volume":"210","author":"Appenzeller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.279","article-title":"Using hair, nail and urine samples for human exposure assessment of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances","volume":"636","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2017.08.017","article-title":"Occurence of perfluoroalkyl substances in matched human serum, urine, hair and nail","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.04.195","article-title":"Assessing exposure to legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances via hair\u2014The first nationwide survey in India","volume":"229","author":"Ruan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141523","article-title":"Analytical methods and biomonitoring results in hair for the assessment of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals: A literature review","volume":"353","author":"Robin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117825","article-title":"Hair specimens in exposome-health research: Opportunities, challenges, and app lications","volume":"178","author":"Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2021.122651","article-title":"Determination of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human hair by liquid chromatography-high accurate mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF)","volume":"1172","author":"Piva","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3627","article-title":"Biomonitoring of bisphenol A, triclosan and perfluorooctanoic acid in hair samples of children and adults","volume":"38","author":"Karzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"110 Mart\u00edn, J., Santos, J.L., Aparicio, I., and Alonso, E. (2019). Exposure assessment to parabens, bisphenol A and perfluoroalkyl compounds in children, women and men by hair analysis. Sci. Total Environ., 695, 133864.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133864"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04590","article-title":"Novel Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonates and legacy per-\/polyfluoroalkyl substances: Placental transfer and relationship with serum albumin and glomerular filtration rate","volume":"51","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6529","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b00715","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and association between the placental transfer efficiencies and dissociation constant of serum proteins-PFAS complexes","volume":"53","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152565","article-title":"Early life exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and latent health outcomes: A review including the placenta as a target tissue and possible driver of peri- and postnatal effects","volume":"443","author":"Blake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6387","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b06049","article-title":"Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonic Acids in Matched Maternal, Cord, and Placenta Samples: A Study of Transplacental Transfer","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3686-3","article-title":"Efficiency of maternal-fetal transfer of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106012","article-title":"Exposure characteristics for congeners, isomers, and enantiomers of perfluoroalkyl substances in mothers and infants","volume":"144","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135731","article-title":"Target analysis and suspect screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in paired samples of maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, and placenta near fluorochemical plants in Fuxin, China","volume":"307","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, May 29). Breastfeeding. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/breastfeeding#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10359","article-title":"Current breast milk PFAS levels in the United States and Canada: After all this time, why don\u2019t we know more?","volume":"130","author":"LaKind","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154888","article-title":"Perfluorinated alkyl substances in Canadian human milk as part of the Maternal- Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) study","volume":"831","author":"Rawn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106855","article-title":"Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances associates with an altered lipid composition of breast milk","volume":"157","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109094","article-title":"Personal care product use and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in pregnant and lactating people in the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals study","volume":"193","author":"Hall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonato, M., Corr\u00e1, F., Bellio, M., Guidolin, L., Tallandini, L., Irato, P., and Santovito, G. (2020). PFAS Environmental Pollution and Antioxidant Responses: An Overview of the Impact on Human Field. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0086.v1"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2023.107174","article-title":"Sources, occurrence and toxic effects of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)","volume":"97","author":"Manojkumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.050","article-title":"The serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl compounds were inversely associated with growth parameters in 2-year old children","volume":"628\u2013629","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.03.025","article-title":"Prenatal and childhood exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and child cognition","volume":"115","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134008","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to poly\/perfluoroalkyl substances and risk for congenital heart disease in offspring","volume":"469","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110156","article-title":"Association between prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and respiratory tract infections in preschool children","volume":"191","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118485","article-title":"Reproductive toxicity of PFOA, PFOS and their substitutes: A review based on epidemiological and toxicological evidence","volume":"250","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115663","article-title":"Environmental impacts, exposure pathways, and health effects of PFOA and PFOS","volume":"267","author":"Wee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"(2025, January 15). Centers for Disease Control, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2022, June 23). Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls, Available online: https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/toxprofiles\/tp200.pdf."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158036","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances and lipid concentrations in the blood: A systematic review of epidemiological studies","volume":"850","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110287","article-title":"PFAS concentration during pregnancy in relation to cardiometabolic health and birth outcomes","volume":"192","author":"Gardener","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128566","article-title":"Serum perfluoroalkyl substances in relation to lipid metabolism in Chinese pregnant women","volume":"273","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111805","article-title":"The association between perfluoroalkyl substances and lipid profile in exposed pregnant women in the Veneto region, Italy","volume":"209","author":"Zuanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147476","article-title":"Serum concentrations of per-\/polyfluoroalkyl substances and risk of type 2 diabetes: A case-control study","volume":"787","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156561","article-title":"Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances as a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus through interference with glucose homeostasis","volume":"838","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2024.114385","article-title":"Associations between serum perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl concentrations and diabetes mellitus in the Korean general population: Insights from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2018\u20132020","volume":"259","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110694","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Impacts on human fertility and fecundity during the peri-conception period","volume":"194","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114718","article-title":"The effects of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances on female fertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"216","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137490","article-title":"In utero exposure to per-\/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs): Preeclampsia in pregnancy and low birth weight for neonates","volume":"313","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142052","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the Atlanta African American Maternal-Child cohort","volume":"357","author":"Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"deae108.923","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae108.923","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome risk among women attending a fertility clinic","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"057001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11814","article-title":"Environmental Exposure to Emerging Alternatives of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Women Diagnosed with Infertility: A Mixture Analysis","volume":"131","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, Y., Feng, Y., Shi, Y., Xiao, J., Liu, M., and Wang, K. (2024). Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Their Potential Effects on Female Reproductive Diseases. Toxics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12080539"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175958","article-title":"Association between PFAS exposure and thyroid health: A systematic review and meta-analysis for adolescents, pregnant women, adults and toxicological evidence","volume":"953","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109395","article-title":"Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substance mixtures and thyroid hormone concentrations in maternal and cord sera: The HOME Study","volume":"185","author":"Lebeaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177809","article-title":"Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and alternatives with subclinical hypothyroidism in children: A cross-sectional study in China","volume":"957","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Thyroid function and perfluoroalkyl acids in children living near a chemical plant","volume":"12","author":"Mondal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104436","article-title":"Serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations and liver function biomarkers in a population","volume":"120","author":"Gallo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-00679-7","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormone concentrations in cord plasma in a Chinese birth cohort","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108459","article-title":"Associations between serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormones in Chinese adults: A nationally representative cross-sectional study","volume":"184","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.10.049","article-title":"The associations between serum perfluorinated chemicals and thyroid function in adolescents and young adults","volume":"244\u2013245","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2023.114219","article-title":"Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and association with thyroid hormones in adolescent males","volume":"252","author":"Freire","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, R.C., Johns, L.E., and Meeker, J.D. (2015). Serum biomarkers of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in relation to serum testosterone and measures of thyroid function among adults and adolescents from NHANES 2011\u20132012. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120606098"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170985","article-title":"The association between per-\/polyfluoroalkyl substances in serum and thyroid function parameters: A cross-sectional study on teenagers living near a Chinese fluorochemical industrial plant","volume":"920","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.109203","article-title":"Serum metabolome associated with novel and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and thyroid cancer risk: A multi-module integrated analysis based on machine learning","volume":"195","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176717","article-title":"Effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the liver: Human-relevant mechanisms of toxicity","volume":"954","author":"Maerten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110361","article-title":"Association between per and polyfluoroalkyl substances and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"196","author":"Omoike","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EE9.0000606296.17698.cc","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and child liver injury","volume":"3","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107179","article-title":"Per- and perfluoroalkyl substances alternatives, mixtures and liver function in adults: A community-based population study in China","volume":"163","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.02.013","article-title":"Liver function biomarkers disorder is associated with exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids in adults: Isomers of C8 Health Project in China","volume":"172","author":"Nian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10020091","article-title":"Early warnings by liver organoids on short- and long-chain PFAS toxicity","volume":"10","author":"Palazzolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115473","article-title":"Association of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with hepatic steatosis and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease among patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"264","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108138","article-title":"PPAR\u03b1\/ACOX1 as a novel target for hepatic lipid metabolism disorders induced by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: An integrated approach","volume":"178","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64342","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26941-2","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the elderly: Results from NHANES 2003\u20132014","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105220","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver in children: An untargeted metabolomics approach","volume":"134","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"169Dai, C., Peng, L., Li, Y., Li, Z., Chen, D., Wang, F., and Lin, N. (2024). Distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in blood, serum, and urine of patients with liver cancer and associations with liver function biomarkers. J. Environ. Sci., 139, 418.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2023.05.026"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111113","article-title":"Considering environmental exposures to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) as risk factors for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"197","author":"Erinc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114284","article-title":"Associations of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances with gestational hypertension and blood pressure during pregnancy: A cohort study","volume":"215","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107335","article-title":"Early-pregnancy plasma per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) concentrations and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the Project Viva cohort","volume":"165","author":"Preston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00622-8","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid","volume":"2","author":"Zahm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"(2017, November 07). Report on the 2016 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) International Decontamination Research and Development Conference, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/laws-regulations\/regulations."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176158","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and cancer: Detection methodologies, epidemiological insights, potential carcinogenic mechanisms, and future perspectives","volume":"953","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111775","article-title":"Occurrence and distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human livers with cancer","volume":"202","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115718","article-title":"A prospective nested case-control study of serum concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and aggressive prostate cancer risk","volume":"228","author":"Rhee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117529","article-title":"Associations of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances mixture with the numbers of lymph nodes in colorectal cancer patients","volume":"240","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119909","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and the risk of breast cancer: A nested case-control study in Jinchang Cohort","volume":"262","author":"Dou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2024.10.023","article-title":"Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Testicular Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"87","author":"Tateo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123995","article-title":"Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in lung cancer patients and their associations with clinical health indicators","volume":"350","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143745","article-title":"Clinical, histological, molecular, and toxicokinetic renal outcomes of per-\/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"368","author":"Hanvoravongchai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176187","article-title":"Associations between co-exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and metabolic diseases: The mediating roles of inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"953","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.110740","article-title":"Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and dyslipidemia, hypertension and obesity in adolescents. The Fit Futures study","volume":"195","author":"Averina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128852","article-title":"PFAS exposure and overweight\/obesity among children in a nationally representative sample","volume":"268","author":"Geiger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408412","article-title":"Attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and childhood autism in association with prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances: A nested case-control study in the Danish National Birth Cohort","volume":"123","author":"Liew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1830","article-title":"Prenatal Maternal Serum Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Association with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability","volume":"126","author":"Lyall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Persp."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0253-1","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders, endocrine disrupting compounds, and heavy metals in amniotic fluid: A case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111692","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in children","volume":"202","author":"Skogheim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.106328","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in association with autism spectrum disorder in the MARBLES study","volume":"147","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.125152","article-title":"Impact of polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and volatile organic compounds exposure on lung function of American adults","volume":"363","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119827","article-title":"Asthma and decreased lung function in children exposed to perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): An updated meta-analysis unveiling research gaps","volume":"262","author":"Rafiee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110178","article-title":"Intrauterine exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances may harm children\u2019s lung function development","volume":"192","author":"Kung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.115057","article-title":"Joint effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance alternatives and heavy metals on renal health: A community-based population study in China","volume":"219","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134312","article-title":"Kidney function decline mediates the adverse effects of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on uric acid levels and hyperuricemia risk","volume":"471","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108250","article-title":"Plasma levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and cardiovascular disease\u2014Results from two independent population-based cohorts and a meta-analysis","volume":"181","author":"Dunder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107979","article-title":"Plasma levels of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are associated with altered levels of proteins previously linked to inflammation, metabolism and cardiovascular disease","volume":"177","author":"Dunder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118872","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and bone mineral content in early adolescence: Modification by diet and physical activity","volume":"252","author":"Buckley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.107850","article-title":"Associations of prenatal PFAS exposure and early childhood neurodevelopment: Evidence from the Shanghai Maternal-Child Pairs Cohort","volume":"173","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2023.107181","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to legacy PFAS and neurodevelopment in preschool-aged Canadian children: The MIREC cohort","volume":"98","author":"Goodman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165622","article-title":"Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in early pregnancy and risk of cerebral palsy in children","volume":"899","author":"Vilhelmsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu179","article-title":"Prenatal Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and the Risk of Congenital Cerebral Palsy in Children","volume":"180","author":"Liew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/4\/573\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:07:40Z","timestamp":1760029660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/4\/573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":203,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["life15040573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15040573","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}