{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:08:29Z","timestamp":1787062109888,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the European Union-Next Generation EU, through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria","award":["\u2116 BG-RRP-2.004-0009-C02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u2116 BG-RRP-2.004-0009-C02"]}]},{"name":"the Medical University-Varna","award":["\u2116 BG-RRP-2.004-0009-C02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u2116 BG-RRP-2.004-0009-C02"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["\u2116 BG-RRP-2.004-0009-C02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u2116 BG-RRP-2.004-0009-C02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Moringa oleifera is one of the most famous plants used for medicinal purposes. Its leaf extracts have antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activities, and reduce swelling in ulcers. Objectives: The present article aimed to determine the metabolic profile of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts from two samples originating from India and to evaluate in vitro and ex vivo their biological activities. Methods: The antioxidant properties of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts (methanol, 50% ethanol, and 70% ethanol) were studied in vitro for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The ex vivo contractile effects of the extracts were determined by assaying circularly isolated smooth muscle (SM) strips from a rat\u2019s stomach. Results: The obtained results indicated that one of the samples had amino acid and organic acid content approximately twice that of the second sample. In all the tests, the 50% ethanol extract of both samples showed better antioxidant activity (209 mM TE 100 g\u22121 for the DPPH method). The 70% ethanolic extract of Sample 1 exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity, inhibiting Gram-positive Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The 50% ethanolic extract of both samples exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory activity, demonstrating a twice better effect than the reference drug diclofenac. Finally, the pre-incubation of SM preparations with both samples significantly enhanced the ACh-induced contractile response, increasing it by 134% and 111%, respectively. Conclusions: The findings suggested potential applications of Moringa oleifera as a suitable candidate for antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic supplementation for alternative pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T07:47:44Z","timestamp":1743580064000},"page":"583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Metabolic Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Contractile, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Moringa oleifera Leaves (India)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Natalina","family":"Panova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 84 Tzar Osvbod-Tel, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3687-0767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anelia","family":"Gerasimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 84 Tzar Osvoboditel, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1674-5333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulian","family":"Tumbarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Technological Faculty, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritsa Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6826-2723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritsa Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0850-0902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Todorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0276-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivayla","family":"Dincheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrobiotechnologies, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5776-2215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galia","family":"Gentscheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University-Pleven, 1 Saint Kliment Ohridski Street, 5800 Pleven, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4155-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Gledacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2284-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeri","family":"Slavchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6553-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iliyana","family":"Stefanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5870-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezhda","family":"Petkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Food Technologies, 26 Maritsa Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4649-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stoyanka","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2617-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krastena","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 84 Tzar Osvbod-Tel, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.07.008","article-title":"Nutrients, secondary metabolites and anti-oxidant activity of Moringa oleifera leaves and Moringa-based commercial products","volume":"142","author":"Teclegeorgish","year":"2021","journal-title":"S. 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