{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T01:58:24Z","timestamp":1784080704244,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":290,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronary artery spasm (CAS) is a reversible vasoconstriction of normal or atherosclerotic epicardial coronary arteries with a subsequent reduction in myocardial blood flow, leading to myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, severe arrhythmias, or even sudden death. It is an entity that should be recognized based on a particular clinical presentation. Numerous differences exist between CAS and obstructive coronary disease in terms of mechanisms, risk factors, and therapeutic solutions. The gold standard for CAS diagnosis is represented by transitory and reversible occlusion of the coronary arteries at spasm provocation test, which consists of an intracoronary administration of Ach, ergonovine, or methylergonovine during angiography. The pathophysiology of CAS is not fully understood. However, the core of CAS is represented by vascular smooth muscle cell contraction, with a circadian pattern. The initiating event of this contraction may be represented by endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, or autonomic nervous system unbalance. Our study explores the intricate balance of these factors and their clinical relevance in the management of CAS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T11:31:00Z","timestamp":1743766260000},"page":"597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Coronary Artery Spasm: From Physiopathology to Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ilinca","family":"Savulescu-Fiedler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu Octavian","family":"Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory of Radiology and Medical Imaging, \u201cSf. Apostol Andrei\u201d County Emergency Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cOvidius\u201d University, 900527 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radu Andrei","family":"Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory of Radiology and Medical Imaging, \u201cSf. 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