{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T20:23:33Z","timestamp":1780518213288,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Many orthopedic surgeons recommend ischemic tourniquets during arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair to reduce blood loss and improve visibility. However, their use remains controversial due to potential complications. Similarly, the practice of postoperative drainage is debated. While its proponents argue it reduces limb swelling, DVT, adhesions, and stiffness, others contend that it may increase infection risk or harm the ACL graft and joint surfaces. Materials and Methods: A total of 456 patients underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction between September 2015 and December 2024, without the use of a tourniquet or drainage. The patients were 334 men with a mean age of 34.7 years and 122 women with a mean age of 32.3 years. In 389 cases the graft type was a hamstring autograft, in 55 cases a patellar tendon autograft (BPTB) was used, and in 12 cases a quadriceps tendon autograft was used. Results: The mean operative time was 61 min (range 52\u201379). No cases experienced visual impairment or required ischemia to enhance visibility. Bleeding sites were successfully cauterized during arthroscopy. Postoperative complications included knee hematoma in three patients (0.7%), resolved after drainage on day one, and two infections (0.4%), treated successfully with arthroscopic drainage and implant removal. No further complications were reported. Conclusion: Although many orthopedic surgeons prefer arthroscopic ACL repair with a tourniquet for better visibility and reduced intraoperative blood loss, this approach carries risks such as nerve palsy, joint swelling, stiffness, muscle weakness, and vascular changes. Not using a tourniquet can help to identify bleeding sites and allows for a more thorough procedure. The literature suggests that avoiding a tourniquet also reduces postoperative pain and accelerates recovery. The mean operative time for ACL reconstruction was consistent with the literature, indicating that avoiding a tourniquet did not cause delays. Additionally, the absence of postoperative drainage did not lead to complications, with most patients showing no issues like bleeding, hematoma, ischemia, or poor wound healing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15040619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T08:46:20Z","timestamp":1744274780000},"page":"619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Arthroscopic Anterior Cuciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Neither a Tourniquet nor Drainage: A Perioperative Case Series Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dimitrios A.","family":"Flevas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthroscopy and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Metropolitan Hospital, Neo Faliro, 18547 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6457-4933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michail","family":"Sarantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthroscopy and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Metropolitan Hospital, Neo Faliro, 18547 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8559-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Tsakotos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthroscopy and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Metropolitan Hospital, Neo Faliro, 18547 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Anatomy Department, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10559 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grigorios G.","family":"Sasalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthroscopy and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Metropolitan Hospital, Neo Faliro, 18547 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasios V.","family":"Tokis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthroscopy and Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Metropolitan Hospital, Neo Faliro, 18547 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1688555","article-title":"Is It Better to Routinely Use Tourniquet for Knee Arthroscopic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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