{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T05:20:19Z","timestamp":1790572819388,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Institutes of T\u00fcrkiye (TUSEB)","award":["24172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24172"]}]},{"name":"Health Institutes of T\u00fcrkiye (TUSEB)","award":["02025002003275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02025002003275"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005322","name":"Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University Development Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005322","name":"Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University Development Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02025002003275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02025002003275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Life"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This randomized controlled study sought to determine the effect of intermittent fasting on anthropometric measurements, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, and autophagy markers, as well as on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis levels in overweight or obese patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Methods: Patients were randomly assigned into two groups: received a dietary treatment involving 22\u201325 kcal\/kg\/day of energy for 8 weeks and followed the same dietary intervention and a 16:8 pattern. The extent of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis was determined using transient elastography on a FibroScan\u00ae device. The controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM), determined by transient elastography, reflect hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, respectively. In duplicate, serum levels of FGF-21, Beclin-1, and ATG-5 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The study included 48 patients with a mean age of 48.2 \u00b1 1.4 years (27 female and 21 male). Improvements in anthropometric measurement and CAP and LSM levels and a decrease in serum FGF-21 levels were found in both groups (p &lt; 0.05). Changes in the CAP and FGF-21 levels were higher in the energy + time-restricted diet group (p &lt; 0.05). Autophagy-related protein (ATG)-5 levels increased only in the energy + time-restricted diet group [(0.74 (0.46\u20131.29) ng\/mL vs. 0.95 (0.73\u20131.32) ng\/mL, p = 0.03]. Conclusions: Intermittent fasting was potentially practical in the management of MAFLD. In particular, changes in FGF-21 and ATG-5 levels indicate the potential of intermittent fasting to regulate metabolic processes and autophagy. However, methodological limitations should be taken into consideration when interpreting the study results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/life15050696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T04:08:24Z","timestamp":1745554104000},"page":"696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis, Serum FGF-21 and Autophagy Markers in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0139-676X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tugce","family":"Ozlu Karahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul 34440, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1878-9412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvan","family":"Yilmaz Akyuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demet","family":"Yilmaz Karadag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology, Marmara University, Istanbul 34854, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4518-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, Rize 53100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatih","family":"Eren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University, Rize 53100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.02.030","article-title":"Estimating Global Prevalence of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease in Overweight or Obese Adults","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"The prevalence of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in the Turkish population: A multicenter study","volume":"2","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatol. Forum."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32499","article-title":"Are there outcome differences between NAFLD and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease?","volume":"76","author":"Younossi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-024-00582-z","article-title":"Resmetirom and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis: Perspectives on Multidisciplinary Management from Global Healthcare Professionals","volume":"13","author":"Au","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.30121","article-title":"Role of Nutrition in the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Recent Updates","volume":"15","author":"Ullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"67","author":"Chalasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), and European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (2016). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetologia, 59, 1121\u20131140.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3902-y"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22964","article-title":"A Fad too Far? Dietary Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of NAFLD","volume":"28","author":"Moore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.010","article-title":"Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes","volume":"27","author":"Sutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv041","article-title":"Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans","volume":"73","author":"Tinsley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3233\/NHA-170036","article-title":"Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: A pilot study","volume":"4","author":"Gabel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Healthy Aging"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.018","article-title":"Effects of 4- and 6-h Time-Restricted Feeding on Weight and Cardiometabolic Health: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Adults with Obesity","volume":"32","author":"Cienfuegos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2174\/0115701611285401240110074530","article-title":"Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Lipid Profile, Anthropometric and Hepatic Markers in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"Castillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.11.009","article-title":"Effects of intermittent fasting regimens on glycemic, hepatic, anthropometric, and clinical markers in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"59","author":"Saleh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.019","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"15","author":"Hatori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.10.005","article-title":"Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes","volume":"39","author":"Mattson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13961","article-title":"Nutrient-sensing nuclear receptors coordinate autophagy","volume":"516","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2718","article-title":"TFEB controls cellular lipid metabolism through a starvation-induced autoregulatory loop","volume":"15","author":"Settembre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v13.i1.6","article-title":"Autophagy in liver diseases","volume":"13","author":"Kouroumalis","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0177-6","article-title":"Impaired mitophagy triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation during the progression from nonalcoholic fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14384-z","article-title":"Fasting-induced FGF21 signaling activates hepatic autophagy and lipid degradation via JMJD3 histone demethylase","volume":"11","author":"Byun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.E., Shin, H.J., Ju, Y., Jung, Y., An, H.S., Lee, S.J., Jeong, E.A., Lee, J., Hwang, G.S., and Roh, G.S. (2023). Intermittent Fasting Attenuates Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis by Enhancing the Hepatic Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214574"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1476","article-title":"Serum FGF21 levels are increased in obesity and are independently associated with the metabolic syndrome in humans","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2174\/157339909789804396","article-title":"The role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) on energy balance, glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"5","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.003","article-title":"Endocrine regulation of the fasting response by PPARalpha-mediated induction of fibroblast growth factor 21","volume":"5","author":"Inagaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23606","article-title":"FGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator","volume":"115","author":"Kharitonenkov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02338.x","article-title":"Increased serum FGF21 levels in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"40","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.Y., Tian, F., Qian, X.L., Ying, H.M., and Zhou, Z.F. (2024). Effect of 5:2 intermittent fasting diet versus daily calorie restriction eating on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease-a randomized controlled trial. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1439473"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","article-title":"A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement","volume":"73","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113499374","article-title":"A.S.P.E.N. Clinical guidelines: Nutrition support of hospitalized adult patients with obesity","volume":"37","author":"Choban","year":"2013","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eslamparast, T., Tandon, P., and Raman, M. (2017). Dietary Composition Independent of Weight Loss in the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080800"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.14744\/hf.2020.0004","article-title":"The comparison of resting metabolic rate between biopsy-proven non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver patients","volume":"1","author":"Kenger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatol. Forum."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25993","article-title":"Determination of reliability criteria for liver stiffness evaluation by transient elastography","volume":"57","author":"Boursier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2012.18.2.163","article-title":"Clinical applications of transient elastography","volume":"18","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Mol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.09.001","article-title":"Effect of 6-month nutritional intervention on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Elias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-007-2107-z","article-title":"The impact of visceral fat in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies","volume":"42","author":"Koda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feehan, J., Mack, A., Tuck, C., Tchongue, J., Holt, D.Q., Sievert, W., Moore, G.T., de Courten, B., and Hodge, A. (2023). Time-Restricted Fasting Improves Liver Steatosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-A Single Blinded Crossover Trial. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2641051\/v1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falamarzi, K., Malekpour, M., Tafti, M.F., Azarpira, N., Behboodi, M., and Zarei, M. (2022). The role of FGF21 and its analogs on liver associated diseases. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.967375"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S352008","article-title":"Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 as a Potential Therapeutic Target of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"19","author":"Raptis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.04.054","article-title":"Increased fibroblast growth factor 21 in obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"139","author":"Dushay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1250","article-title":"Circulating levels of FGF-21 in obese youth: Associations with liver fat content and markers of liver damage","volume":"98","author":"Giannini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02414","article-title":"Plasma Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Is Associated with Severity of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Patients With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"104","author":"Barb","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.09.003","article-title":"Serum FGF21 increases with hepatic fat accumulation in pediatric onset intestinal failure","volume":"60","author":"Mutanen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"363","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor-21 and omentin-1 hepatic mRNA expression and serum levels in morbidly obese women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Waluga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2017.138","article-title":"Plasma FGF21 levels in obese patients undergoing energy-restricted diets or bariatric surgery: A marker of metabolic stress?","volume":"41","author":"Crujeiras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asghari, S., Rezaei, M., Rafraf, M., Taghizadeh, M., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M., and Ebadi, M. (2022). Effects of Calorie Restricted Diet on Oxidative\/Antioxidative Status Biomarkers and Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Levels in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122509"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2023.05.019","article-title":"FGF21-mediated autophagy: Remodeling the homeostasis in response to stress in liver diseases","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Power Guerra, N., Leyens, K., M\u00fcller, L., Brauer, D., Janowitz, D., Schlick, S., Pilz, K., Grabe, H.J., Vollmar, B., and Kuhla, A. (2022). The effect of different weight loss strategies to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease focusing on fibroblast growth factor 21. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.935805"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00065","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00065","article-title":"The starvation hormone, fibroblast growth factor-21, extends lifespan in mice","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2774-2","article-title":"FGF21 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by inducing autophagy","volume":"420","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2023.01207","article-title":"Influence of intermittent fasting on autophagy in the liver","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.04.010","article-title":"Fasting protects liver from ischemic injury through Sirt1-mediated downregulation of circulating HMGB1 in mice","volume":"61","author":"Rickenbacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"148","article-title":"Serum levels of proteins involved in apoptosis and autophagy in patients with type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"43","author":"Krasner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sib. Nauchnyj Med. Zhurnal = Sib. Sci. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2021.1897241","article-title":"5-methoxytryptophan alleviates liver fibrosis by modulating FOXO3a\/miR-21\/ATG5 signaling pathway mediated autophagy","volume":"20","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Cycle."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s43066-021-00149-w","article-title":"Serum Beclin 1 and autophagy-related protein-5 and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among cirrhotic hepatitis C patients","volume":"11","author":"Shayeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt. Liver J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.01.015","article-title":"Autophagy and protein secretion","volume":"432","author":"Cavalli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03219-2","article-title":"Increased serum ATG5 as a marker of autophagy in psoriasis vulgaris patients: A cross-sectional study","volume":"316","author":"Hamdy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.02.018","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting and Human Metabolic Health","volume":"115","author":"Patterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chawla, S., Beretoulis, S., Deere, A., and Radenkovic, D. (2021). The Window Matters: A Systematic Review of Time Restricted Eating Strategies in Relation to Cortisol and Melatonin Secretion. Nutrient, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082525"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23499","article-title":"Time-restricted eating alters the 24-hour profile of adipose tissue transcriptome in men with obesity","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00715-z","article-title":"The association between overnight fasting and body mass index in older adults: The interaction between duration and timing","volume":"45","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110801","article-title":"Effects of intermittent fasting and energy-restricted diets on lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00821-1","article-title":"Effectiveness of an intermittent fasting diet versus continuous energy restriction on anthropometric measurements, body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"75","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14360","article-title":"The role of nutrition in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology and management","volume":"40","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e390","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002110","article-title":"Macro- and micronutrients in metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease: Association between advanced fibrosis and high dietary intake of cholesterol\/saturated fatty acids","volume":"33","author":"Guveli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawczyk, M., Maciejewska, D., Ryterska, K., Czerwi\u0144ka-Rogowska, M., Jamio\u0142-Milc, D., Skonieczna-\u017bydecka, K., Milkiewicz, P., Raszeja-Wyszomirska, J., and Stachowska, E. (2018). Gut Permeability Might be Improved by Dietary Fiber in Individuals with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Undergoing Weight Reduction. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111793"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vancells Lujan, P., Vi\u00f1as Esmel, E., and Sacanella Meseguer, E. (2021). Overview of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and the Role of Sugary Food Consumption and Other Dietary Components in Its Development. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051442"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-82","article-title":"Health implications of fructose consumption: A review of recent data","volume":"7","author":"Rizkalla","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."}],"container-title":["Life"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/5\/696\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:21:14Z","timestamp":1760030474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/15\/5\/696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["life15050696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15050696","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-1729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-1729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]}}}